Is the Teleological Argument strong Essay Example

Is the Teleological Argument solid Paper The Teleological Argument is an a back inductive contention which was advanced in numerous structures by antiquated logicians, for example, Plato and Cicero to the more present day rationalists and scholars, for example, Aquinas and Paley. It is a contention to demonstrate the presence of God. The name of the contention originates from Greek telos which means reason or point. Aquinass contention which was in his Summa might be summarized along these lines: 1. Every single structured thing have a planner 2. The Universe is planned 3. Consequently it has a planner, this originator is God We will compose a custom article test on Is the Teleological Argument solid explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Is the Teleological Argument solid explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Is the Teleological Argument solid explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This contention, as observed from point one and three, is making one wonder (at the end of the day, it is a roundabout contention). This makes it frail since it has just affirmed one of its premises in the end. It just as he is stating that its actual in light of the fact that it is valid. This isnt adequate enough for a sound contention. Likewise, Aquinas doesnt give any defense to the subsequent point. These focuses make it resemble its an extremely frail contention. Anyway focuses can be given for the universe being planned, for example, the seasons and demise. This point anyway can be battled by saying that the universe, may for sure, have a few highlights of a plan yet there are numerous which show that it doesnt have configuration, for example the reality a few ladies have ectopic pregnancies. The way that it is an inductive contention implies that it isn't really obvious, it is unexpected (may not be valid) and isn't as solid as something that is fundamentally evident. Be that as it may, deductive contentions never disclose to us anything new about the world, which dissimilar to inductive contentions which in spite of the fact that may not be essentially evident, do reveal to us something new. Be that as it may, the inquiry (concerning the quality of the contention), ought not be dependent upon our inclination of find out about the world. Along these lines, the way that it isn't really obvious debilitates the contention. The contention is additionally a back, this gives space for Skepticism (which questions the outside world) to debilitate the contention. Incredulity says that we can never know about the outside world which implies the request or reason we find on the planet can likewise be questioned. As Descartes put it, the main thing that is faultless was your own brain (this obviously delineated when he said I think in this way I am). How would we realize that request, reason and excellence on the planet isnt the working of an Evil Demon? David Hume, the British Empiricist, mentioned criticisms regarding the teleological contention which was advanced by Paley anyway his protests can be utilized against Aquinass contention as well. Humes first complaint was that we can not evaluate whether a universe was structured in light of the fact that we have no understanding of universe being planned or manufactured. At the point when you unearth a house you know whether it is acceptable or not through experience of different houses, you can not say this regarding the universe since it is remarkable. In this way, how might we decide it is a very much planned universe? Hume second complaint is that is a joke to compare the universe to something specialist in light of the fact that the universe Hume at that point proceeds to state that When we deduce a specific reason from an impact, we should extent the one to the next, and can never be permitted to attribute to the reason any characteristics, yet what are actually adequate to deliver the impact. This implies in light of the fact that it might demonstrate an originator, doesnt imply that we can name the creator with such titles, for example, all-powerful, omniscient and omnibenevolent. The inquiry currently is, are Humes complaints substantial? The main complaint is stating that we can not know something in the event that we had not experienced it and it is extraordinary, in any case, we have not seen mankind being made and it is remarkable yet we have numerous anthropologists and all the more critically we are really discovering increasingly more about universe through the investigations done by cosmologists. His subsequent complaint, which was battled by Swinburne, can not in any way, shape or form be genuine on the grounds that the request the universe has All in all, the Teleological Argument is solid in light of the fact that the initial two complaints that were advanced by Hume have been fought by Swinburne and don't hold up. Nonetheless, Humes third complaint despite everything holds, this makes the contention more vulnerable in light of the fact that it shows that the contention doesn't satisfy its motivation (to show Gods presence the definition being of a Judeo-Christian God). The protest that it is an inductive, contention doesn't hold in light of the fact that despite the fact that it makes it more averse to be valid, that doesn't imply that isn't correct. Additionally, the way that it is a back, may imply that wariness can question it yet the good judgment approach (set forward by Wittgenstein) says that we ought not be influenced by such things. Wittgenstein says Here is one hand, and here is another and that is evidence enough.

How to Write a Good Scholarship Application Essay

How to Write a Good Scholarship Application EssayWith today's fast paced work life, it can be difficult to find time to write a good scholarship essay. There are various types of essay that you may write for scholarships and other types of college scholarships. Writing essays for scholarships can be a difficult task because of the different topics and length of each essay. You will find the following tips to help you with writing an essay for scholarships.College students are required to write their essay for college grants. There are numerous methods to doing this and some are more complicated than others. A long, detailed essay that incorporates facts and information into a coherent narrative is necessary to be accepted into the college grants. The best thing to do is start by doing a rough draft of your essay. This will give you an idea of what kind of essay you can expect to write for the college grant.Next, you need to do research to determine the topic that is best suited for y our essay. You can research a topic from books, the Internet, or from a specific person. You should also research which organizations accept the subject matter for scholarships and which organizations do not. You can then narrow down your topic to certain categories. You should then read this information and choose the topic based on your experience.After your essay is complete, it is important to edit the essay so that it flows logically. The rules for formatting the essay are different depending on the formality of the essay. It is also important to use correct grammar and spelling in your essay. If the essay is going to be submitted for publication, you will need to check it against correct grammar and spelling.You should also research the right essay styles for the different essay subjects. One of the best places to find good advice on how to write a good essay is through colleges. You will find many colleges that allow you to write short, one-page essays for them. There are als o college essay writing guides available that will show you the best way to write an essay that fits the topic of the scholarship.There are also techniques that you can use to make your college scholarship essay more unique. For example, you can include an idea or discussion in the beginning that leads up to the main subject of the essay. This will add to the flow of the essay and make it a little more interesting. You can also use brief paragraphs to include a summary of your overall topic. The bottom line is that you need to make your essay captivating, thought provoking, and concise.Even though your essay will probably be rejected, this does not mean that you should quit on writing. Remember that every essay requires careful consideration and planning before it is written. The best way to go about this is to get several opinions and suggestions from a variety of sources. When you know how to write a good essay, you will be able to write a great college scholarship essay.Writing c an be an extremely difficult and time consuming task. When you find yourself stuck on a particular topic, it is likely that you need to revise and rewrite your essay. If you use the above tips, you will be able to begin writing your college essay without any problems.

FlyBe Strategy Assessment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FlyBe Strategy Assessment - Case Study Example Flybe work' out of more UK air terminal' than some other carrier. Flybe ha' been a market head in creating it' scope of pa''enger 'ervice'.' Flybe I' the main low co't carrier to offer a bu'ine'' 'ervice, Flybe Economy Plu', and run' the UK'' mo't generou' Frequent Flyer Program. We were the fir't low co't carrier to offer online registration to pa''enger' conveying hand and hold stuff; and the fir't to present a pre-a''igned 'eating office permitting pa''enger' to pre-book their 'eat'. FlyBe I' the large't low passage aircraft in Europe. Working through it' bearer FlyBe, the organization run' flight' to around 120 de'tination' acro'' Europe, including air terminal' in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and 'weden. For the fi'cal Year 2003, FlyBe recorded income' of e842.5 million; an increa'e of 35% more than 2002. It ha' an armada of roughly 45 Boeing 737' and tran'port' more than fifteen million cu'tomer' a year. FlyBe I' headquartered in Dublin Ireland, and ha' a workforce of around 1900 employee'.(Datamonitor)1.2Background and Hi'toryFlyBe Began activity' in 1985 with the dispatch of a day by day trip on a 15 'eater airplane between Waterford air terminal in the 'outh e'at of Ireland and London Gatwick.in the organization' fir't year , with just 57employee', it conveyed ju't more than 5000 pa''enger' in on it' one course. Throughout the following three Year' it extended Rapidly opening Many new course' among Ireland and the UK, and increa'ed the quantity of fly' in it' armada. Anyway whil't cu'tomer' kept on flying FlyBe, for the low airfare' the co't were not controlled ,and the organization kept on aggregating lo''e' . By 1989, the organization utilized 350 individuals, worked 15 airplane and conveyed 600000 pa''enger' a year, however 'till recorded lo''e' of 20 million pound' in four year'.(Datamonitor)Under another supervisory group a significant update of the aircraft wa' attempted in 1990/91, with FlyBe re-propelled an' a low admission'- no ornamentation' carrier , receiving the equation spearheaded by 'outhwe't Airline' in the U'. Non-productive course' were wiped out, the system wa' slice once again from 19 to ju't 5 course'. 'ome airplane were di'po'ed of and airfare' acro'' the rest of the system were 'ub'tantially diminished with 70% of all 'eat' offered at the two lowe't toll'. By 1991, Fl yBe wa' working an armada of 'ix airplane, utilizing 350 individuals, conveying 700 pa''enger' on ju't five course' , and it had recorded it' fir't ever benefit. Throughout the following couple of year', 'chedule' on the key Dublin-London course wrew increa'ed normal air admission' were brought down and new course' were propelled from Dublin to Birmingham, Gla'gow, Manche'ter, and Gatwick. The quantity of cu'tomer' kept on developing, thank' to a great extent to FlyBe'' low toll'. By 1994,FlyBe utilized more than 500 individuals and conveyed 1.5 million pa''enger' per annum. In 2002, the organization 'igned the large't ever request with Boeing for 100 cutting edge 737-800 aircrafgt with choice' to purchase up to a further 50 airplane to be deliverd throughout the following 'even year' . it 'ucce''fully propelled 22 new course' and opened two new mainland

Plato s Phaedo The Soul And The Body - 1409 Words

Saila Sanders PHIL 011 Altshuler 25 September 2014 Plato’s Phaedo: The Soul and the Body In the Phaedo, Socrates proposes that the soul is immortal. Despite being a seemingly counterintuitive understanding, Socrates offers arguments for the soul’s immortality and expresses his view between the soul, or mind, and the body. Socrates practices reasoning to establish his philosophy on the concept of the soul and all that it necessitates. He rationalizes four theories of the immortality of the soul. The four arguments he establishes are; the opposites argument, also referred to as the cyclical argument, this theory indicates that there is a continuous cycle of life and death, and tries to explain that all forms obtained are eternal and fixed. The second argument is the theory of recollection; this concept suggests that all learning entails remembering knowledge that was already known. The third theory is the argument from affinity; this argument demonstrates that the soul most resembles all of that which is indistinguishable and everlasting and the body echoes that which is perceptible and finite. And though the body may be understood to exist after demise in the form of a corpse by reason of the body’s impermanence, the soul being divine in sequence will outlast the body. The concluding argument is the argument from form of life, this final argument describes that all things participate in the forms. The argument entails that the soul participates in the form of life, soShow MoreRelatedPlato s Apology And The Apology1591 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will discuss how Plato s Apology and Phaedo have difference ideas of what it means to be a philosopher. I will explain how in the Apology, the philosopher is wise in how he/she understand that they are wise because they know that they don t know, and in Phadeo the philosopher knowledgable and are concern in gaining more knowledge. In Plato s Apology we learn about Socrates life and who he really is. In platos Apology a philosopher is a wise person because he understands thatRead MorePlato s Phaedo For The Immortality Of The Soul1701 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s final argument in Phaedo for the immortality of the soul is one of the most interesting topics of all time. The argument of whether the soul exists has been debated for years and even today. It goes hand to hand with the application of the theory of forms to the question of the soul s immortality, as Plato constantly reminds us, the theory of forms is the most certain of all his theories. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince us of the immortality of the soul by using several main argumentsRead MoreThe Utility Of Myth : Plato s Metaphysics1624 Words   |  7 PagesMetaphysics ï » ¿Plato speaking from the mouth of Socrates in Phaedo, tells us, â€Å"people are likely not to be aware that those who pursue philosophy aright study nothing but dying and being dead.† (61a) As a philosopher Plato sought to offer not only descriptions of the world him around, but prescriptions as well. The above quote when understood metaphorically, for him, shows the aim of philosophy, and goal of the philosopher is and should be to scratch at the surface of our faculties. To do this, Plato believesRead MoreSummary : Immortality Of The Soul 1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Soul Phaedo, also known to ancient readers as On the Soul, is one of greatest dialogues of Plato’s period. Phaedo centers itself around the death of Socrates. Throug Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his time. Phaedo begins with Socrates addressing his death and stating a true philosopher should look forward to death. He asserts that the soul is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training and detaching itself from the needs of the body. This topic, of â€Å"an immortal soul†, hasRead MoreEssay about Phaedo by Plato942 Words   |  4 Pages Phaedo is an account written by Plato of the last conversation of Socrates’ before he will be put to death by the state of Athens by drinking hemlock. The dialog itself seems to recount Plato’s psychological, Metaphysical, and epistemological beliefs rather than an accurate portrayal of Socrates’ last conversation . The dialog addresses three main arguments for recollection including the argument o f opposites, the argument of recollection, and the argument of affinity. Plato’s arguments in theRead MoreThe Body And The Soul1153 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of the Distinctions of the Body and the Soul in the Philosophy of Socrates This philosophical study will define the distinctions of the body and the soul as defined in the philosophy of Socrates. In the Phaedo, Socrates defines the important distinction between the †visible† body and the â€Å"invisible† substance of the soul. Socrates defines the temporal and changing nature of the visible body, which is impermanent. In contrast to this view, the soul is a higher form of incomposite energyRead MoreThe Immortality of the Soul in Platos Phaedo2878 Words   |  12 PagesDao Le Prof. Mark Cronin HU 102 - HD April 2, 2012 The Immortality of the Soul in Plato’s Phaedo Among Plato’s dialogues, which serve to honor the realm of philosophy in general and Socrates’s life in particular, the Phaedo dramatically and poignantly portrays the death scene of Socrates. The Phaedo evokes such tragic sentiments of pity and fear while at the same time glorifies Socrates as the martyr for the truth. He dies because of human’s injustice yet faces his own death with extraordinaryRead MorePlato s Theory Of Recollection1687 Words   |  7 Pageslife. The body is accepted to be mortal and needs to experience the physical demise however the spirit is not crushed simultaneously. Plato tries to make clear of the contention by looking at cold and fire. The second argument is otherwise called the theory of recollection, this hypothesis tries to clarify that human have some knowledge that is non exact sample of this knowledge is the knowledge during childbirth. This is utilized to show or suggest that possibly at one time that the soul existed beforeR ead MoreThe Death Of Socrates By Plato1188 Words   |  5 PagesPhaedo is an account of events before and after the death of Socrates as written by Plato in the form of dialogue. This dialogue is an expression of various arguments and beliefs on the theme of mortality. Phaedo was one of the men present to witness the death of Socrates, and before the execution, they had engaged in conversations with which Socrates expressed his ideas on death, the soul, and the belief in the existence of an afterlife. Plato’s philosophical idealism is expressed in Phaedo in someRead MoreWhy I Am A Platonist2304 Words   |  10 PagesPHIL 310A 001 Michael Griffin November 26th, 2014 Levi Shiach 41026121 Why I Am A Platonist The term Platonism is used ambiguously throughout philosophical discourse. Under some renderings, it refers to the philosophy of Plato. However, the term platonism is more widely used in contemporary philosophy to describe the metaphysical view that abstract objects (that is, those that are non-spatial and non-temporal) exist (Piyong 206). Almost universally, the distinction between these two understandings

Inclusion Of Students With Mental Disabilities - 1551 Words

Inclusive teaching is a term that expresses a commitment to teaching children with physical, mental, and learning disabilities in the classroom they would attend otherwise (to the greatest extent possible). In inclusive schools, support services are brought to the students as opposed to them leaving class to receive the help they require. This paper is going to focus on the inclusion of students with mental disabilities who are usually separated in special education classrooms. For parents and educators alike, the topic of inclusive teaching is a hotly contested one. The arguments boil down into three categories: the effect on general education students, the effect on special education students, and the effect on teachers. Those that argue against inclusive teaching say that the presence of special education students in a general education classroom poses a threat to the learning environment of general education students. They believe that when special education students are integrat ed with general education students, teachers lower the expectations of all students. When students are held to lower standards, they will not achieve as much as they would otherwise. In addition to lowered expectations, general education students also face the problem of the distracting behavior of special education students. Some special education students have disruptive behavioral issues which can occasionally be violent. These students pose a threat not only to the learning environment ofShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Disabilities Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesIn reading chapter 8 on intellectual disabilities, I found that the field of intellectual disabilities has developed throughout the years. The term intellectual disabilities and mental retardation are used interchangeably. The term â€Å"mental retardation† is the federal definition used by IDEA, however many states today do not use the term. Many people do not use the term mental retardation because of its history. Long ago, students who were known to have â€Å"mental retardation† were put in special schoolsRead MoreEssay about Special Needs Education999 Words   |  4 Pageseducating students with disabilities, specifically through the concept of inclusion. Inclusion is defined as having every student be a part of the classroom all working together no matter if the child has a learning disability or not (Farmer) (Inclusion: Where We’ve Been.., 2005, para. 5). The mentally retarded population has both a low IQ and the inability to perform everyday functions. Activities such as eating, dressing, walking, and in some cases, talking can be hopeless for a child with mental retardationRead MoreHistorical Background Of Special Education Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesis for all students with or without a disability to be educated in the least restrictive environment. It is the common belief that special needs students should be placed in the general education classroom with thei r non-disabled peers a term called inclusion. Inclusion hasn’t come easy! There has been several court cases fought that have provided special needs students access to a free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Historical Background of Inclusion There haveRead MoreInclusion Of The Elementary And Secondary Education Act869 Words   |  4 Pagesacted based on a mental or a behavior disability that may affect her and the class’s learning ability? I believe that inclusion in the classroom is beneficial for all students because it adds depth and culture to your class and teach a different aspect of life than what comes from curriculum. Inclusion in education is when children with and without disabilities participate and learn together in the same class. One law that provides rights to students is the Individuals with Disabilities Education ImprovementRead MoreEssay about Full Inclusion in US Classrooms766 Words   |  4 PagesPeople with disabilities have long suffered from discrimination and segregation. In the 1880, people with hearing, visual, physical, mental or emotional impairments were sent to be educated in residential institutions or asylums. (Issues about Change) Parents and family of those with disabilities put pressure on our government and legislation to develop and provide equal access to education by way of mainstreaming or special education. Section 504 of Public Law 93-112 passed in 1973 had far reachingRead MoreInclusion: Is it Effective at the Elementary Level? Essays1518 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion is where children classified as Intellectually Disabled (ID) are put into a regular classr oom instead of a special education classroom. Previously called mental retardation, ID, as defined by the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY), is a term used to describe a child with certain limitations in mental functioning, and in skills such as communication, personal care, or social skills. (2011) These limitations will cause a child to develop more slowly thanRead MoreEssay about Research Report1006 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Report In the past, disabled students—students with physical and emotional/behavioral problems—were often segregated from the â€Å"normal classroom environments.† The segregation of students, either through special schools or home-based tutoring, was justified for various reasons. Separate schools provided specialized services, tailored to meet the educational needs of children with a specific type of handicap. Moreover, this freed the regular public schools of having to provide servicesRead MoreChildren With Special Needs Should Spend Most Of The Time With Non Disabled Kids1643 Words   |  7 Pagesnon disabled kids Children with special needs are slightly different from non disabled kids, but it should not be a barrier between non disabled kid and child with disabilities. Special needs cover a wide range. Some are a children with physical disability who use wheelchair or cane. Other with learning disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder or emotional disorder. Children with special needs are like all children in that they want make friends, respect, and love, good educationRead MoreExamining the Social Interactions of the Inclusion Classroom: A Grounded Theory1424 Words   |  6 PagesInteractions of the Inclusion Classroom: A Grounded Theory HIED 595 Texas AM University-Commerce Examining the Social Interactions of the Elementary Inclusion Classroom: A Grounded Theory Inclusion has been one of the main focuses in the field of special education for the past two decades. Students with disabilities are being integrated in the general education classrooms at a steady pace. With the focus being on inclusion, educators are increasinglyRead MoreEssay about Inclusion of Children with Autism1315 Words   |  6 PagesInclusion of Children with Autism The inclusion of children with learning disabilities into normal classrooms has proved to exhibit both positive and negative effects on children with and without disabilities. However, the negative aspects of inclusion have not proven a strong enough point in that the good, which comes from this experience, severely outweighs any doubt of its success. Inclusion of autistic children has shown to be beneficial due to the notion that these disabled kids can

French New Wave and Poetic Realism Essay - 1120 Words

Since the very first actualities from the Lumià ¨re brothers and the fantastical shorts of Maries Georges Jean Mà ©lià ¨s, cinema has continually fulfilled its fundamental purpose of artistic reflection on societal contexts throughout the evolution of film. Two French cinematic movements, Poetic Realism (1934-1940) and French New Wave (1950-1970), serve as historical bookends to World War II, one of the most traumatic events in world history. The Rules of the Game (Jean Renoir, 1939) is a classic example of French Poetic realism that depicts the disillusionment in society and government politics by a generation already traumatized by the monumental loss of human life during the First World War. Breathless (Jean Luc Godard, 1960), one of Jean†¦show more content†¦Renoir exemplifies what Andre Bazin refers to as a director with faith in reality. In his essay â€Å"Evolution of the Language of Cinema†, Bazin contrasts the heavy editing and choppy style of the Soviet m ontage tradition with Renoir who â€Å"uncovered the secret of a film form that would permit everything to be said without chopping the world up into little fragments, that would reveal the hidden meaning in people and things without disturbing the unity natural to them† (38). Realism, in this sense, means showing long continuous shots without manipulation through editing and cross cutting--- to tell a story in the same form as if it were unfolding in the real world. Renoir plays with the idea of the formative and imaginary â€Å"farce† of the societal world by staging these formative traditions within the editing conventions of realism. This integration of a lyrical and poetic story within the poignant critique of a dark reality can be seen during the hunting scene, which intersperses documentary style footage of animals throughout. The complexity of this scene requires the active attention of the audience and demands a closer look at the realities behind societiesâ⠂¬â„¢ farce, which resulted in audience rioting in theaters when the movie was first released. In this way, Renoir successfullyShow MoreRelatedItalian Neorealism: Film Style of Post-War Europe Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesas this was a movement that placed a group of cinematographers under full-year contracts, among them was Carlo Montuori who used his classic techniques in creating ‘Bicycle Thieves’ (1948) one of the most well known films produced during the Neo-Realism movement. Perhaps also one of the most influential directors was Roberto Rossellini who directed Rome Open City at the end of WWII. Many directors and influential films such as this began to change and shape the way Italian films were made and whatRead More Romanticism in European Art and Culture Essay2490 Words   |  10 Pagespaintings, we can see the influence Romanticism has had throughout the generations. With Romanticism, artists have been able to take painting to different levels. The paintin gs are so profound that they allow the viewer to learn, develop, and acknowledge new aspects of life. The beginning of the Romantic era marked the birth of creative activities and aesthetic behaviors. Romanticism allows an artist to be creative, original, and authentic. Romantics view the world as more prejudiced and less balanced thanRead More Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence Essays6130 Words   |  25 Pagesshare long, idyllic walks through the countryside, talking and reading to each other. Paul helps Miriam overcome her many physical fears, such as climbing fences and letting the barnyard chickens eat out of her hand. He teaches her French and algebra, opening up a new, exciting world. Miriam appeals to Pauls own growing mysticism and creativity and loves nurturing Pauls artistic growth. They experience an intense relationship but dont know how to express it physically. As Paul grows intoRead More Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room - Jacob Flanders, Many Things to Many Readers4383 Words   |  18 Pagesmasterpieces Mrs. Dalloway, Between the Acts, and The Waves. But Jacobs Room is indeed a revolutionary work in its original technical mastery, its mournful historicity, and its evocative tone. The novel is Woolfs manifesto in fiction of her unique enterprise to create character beyond the one-to-one mimetic method of conventional Victorian and Edwardian realism. Uniquely self-conscious and conscious of self, Woolf was attracted to exploring new modes of characterization, fictional consciousness,Read MoreHow Far Do You Agree with Nick’s View That Gatsby Is â€Å"Worth the Whole Damn Bunch Put Together†?3425 Words   |  14 Pagesthe whole damn bunch put together†? The title character of The Great Gatsby is a young man, around thirty years old, who rose from an impoverished childhood in rural North Dakota to become fabulously wealthy. Indeed, Gatsby has become famous around New York for the elaborate parties held every weekend at his mansion, ostentatious spectacles to which people long to be invited. And yet, Nick Carraway’s description of the protagonist asserts that Gatsby seems curiously out of place among the ‘whole damnRead MoreEssay on 103 American Literature Final Exam5447 Words   |  22 PagesStates. (C) the inner psychological lives of privileged upper-class characters. (D) the exploits of characters with startling accomplishments and impressive abilities. 2. What qualities distinguish practitioners of â€Å"naturalism† from practitioners of â€Å"realism† as a general movement? (A) their use of unspoiled natural settings for their fiction, rather than urban or agricultural spaces shaped by human activity (B) their focus on the way their characters’ lives are determined by forces beyond their own controlRead MoreAnalysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway8784 Words   |  36 PagesSome Examples of Time Transferring in the novel B. Typical Effects of This Technique Chapter II Practical Use of Symbolization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....9 A. Concrete Use of the Symbolic Image: Clock B. Symbolic Image: Death C. Images of birds and waves Chapter III Interior Monologue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 A. Definition and Related Knowledge of Interior Monologue B. Examples of the Interior Monologue Chapter IV Great Success of Stream of Consciousness concerning the Characterization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesMetz: translated by Michael Taylor. p. cm. Translation of: Essais sur la signification au cinà ©ma, tome 1. Reprint. Originally published: New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © EditionsRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pages MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION This module provides an overview on the subject of art appreciation for those entirely new to the subject. This is a complex topic to deal with and it is impossible to have a truly comprehensive discussion on the topic in such a brief essay. The student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generallyRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 PagesDeeply rooted in these twin observations are the beginnings of what today are called human rights and the national and international legal processes that are associated with them. 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Changing Nature of Work in Organisations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Changing Nature of Work in Organisations. Answer: Introduction There has been an observable transition in the workplace over the recent past. This has taken place slowly and effectively like evolution in living organisms. The change is evident due to the emergence of different structures of organizations and how employees work. This also includes the change in the office layout and also the organization organogram. This article looks into the changing nature of work in organizations today as well as the strains, dilemmas, and contradictions facing management. The Changing Nature of Work in Organisations Today Over the recent past, the nature of work in organizations today has changed evidently. To begin with, there is less employment of staff. This is as a result of improved technology that gives room for the sharing of activities. Recently, activities that could be done by five people are being done by one person more efficiently (Alcover 2017, pp. 54-56). Again, there is less usage of manual labor. This is seen in a case whereby what was done manually is now computerized. This includes and is not limited to the keeping of employee and company database. The nature of the office layout has also changed tremendously. Long ago, most of the organizations used the closed office layout where each person had his own partition to work from. However, today organizations are adopting the landscape office layout where all the staff share one big non-partitioned room but with separate desks. This office layout is better because there is sharing of office equipment and also allows easymanagement since some of the staff will not lock themselves in their rooms doing anything productive (Landy 2016, pp. 45-50). Another change is the less acquisition of permanent employees. Nowadays, companies and organizations employ casual laborers and contractors just when a new job opportunity arises rather than employing permanent employees. Another mentionable change is the presence of less staff in the company. This means that most of the staff work while out of the organization. They simply log into the system staff portal and work from the comfort of their houses. This has been made possible by networking anddata management systems (Earl 2017, pp. 6-11). In the workplace place, there has also been a change in management. Managers do not have to physically check whether all the employees attended their respective workplaces but have only to look at the organization system whether all the people logged into the system. Dilemmas, Strains, and Contradictions Facing Management Due to the changing nature of the workplace as a result of the advancement of technology among other factors, there are a number of strains, dilemmas, andcontradictions facing management today. To begin with, maximization of scarce resources is a major challenge facing management today. Now that the workplace is changing, every manager is striving to organize his staff to catch up with the other advancing world business (Franco-Santos 2017, pp. 3-11). It, therefore, becomes a challenge how to organize the available factors to reap the best. Another major dilemma is remaining relevant to the business. Managers in todays organization are faced with challenges in the sense that most of them are unable to withstand the pace of change. This is due to the introduction of new gadgets and management approaches. Most of the managers, as a result, find some required management ideas beyond their scope and find it difficult to remain relevant. Another major strain is the inability to retain employees. It is said that modern business is not only competing for customers but also employees (Cascio 2016, pp. 77-83). With the changing nature of the workplace, there is a lot of employee migration looking for favorable working conditions and payment. It, therefore, becomes a challenge to retain them owing to the fact that at the end of the day the business must minimize cost and maximize profits. Another dilemma facing management today is responsibility and authority. It is important to note that a responsibility comes with an authority. However, it becomes difficult to exercise the authority by a manager because all the staff in the high ranks of management feels as being equal. It wouldnt be strange to see a lower rank manager ignore getting an approval from his above manager. The need for a wider ranging knowledge is yet another major challenge. In most of the organizations, some managers have acquired some time ago where specialization was taken into consideration (Margerum 2017, pp. 76-88). It has however become different where a manager has to be fluent in different fields and this is posing a big challenge to todays managers. Information overload is yet another major challenge facing managers today. The amount of data that they are presented with daily that influences their decision is quite overwhelming. The challenge arises in the extraction of the meaningful data and transforming it into a strategic guidance. Conclusion Conclusively, as a manager, I don't have to be afraid of the in uncertain management future. Something that I need to know is that every change will come with an opportunity and room to learn. I need also to know that a change will always come with its own way of tackling. As a manager, I need to be conversant and informed about the trends in management especially in such a changing world. I also should continue learning so as to keep pace with the changes that arise in management so as to give the best. References Alcover, CM, RR, TWHABMC 2017, 'Understanding the changing nature of psychological contracts in 21st-century organizations: A multiple-foci exchange relationships approach and proposed framework.', Organizational Psychology Revelation, 2017, pp. 54-66. Cascio, WFAMR 2016, 'How technology is changing work and organizations. ', Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2016, pp. 77-83. Earl, C, TP 2017, 'The Workforce Demographic Shift and the Changing Nature of Work: Implications for Policy, Productivity, and Participation. ', In Age Diversity in the Workplace: An Organizational Perspective, 2017, pp. 6-11. Franco-Santos, MADN 2017, 'Performance management and well-being: a close look at the changing nature of the UK higher education workplace. ', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2017, pp. 3-7. Landy, FJACJM 2016, 'Landy, F.J. and Conte, J.M., 2016.Work in the 21st Century, Binder Ready Version: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. John Wiley Sons.', An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. , 2016, pp. 45-50. Margerum, RDARCJ 2017, 'Collaborative partnerships and the challenges for sustainable water management. ', Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2017, pp. 76-88. Worrall, L, MK 2016, 'The changing nature of professional and managerial work: ', issues and challenges from an empirical study of the UK, 2016, pp. 76-80.

Speech art theory Essay Example

Speech art theory Essay In history, language was used to make certain assertions and the uses of language were highly unnoticed. There were several writers who had clarified about speech act; these include, Adolph Reinach, in 1913 had written an article describing once actions being related to their words, and unfortunately he never lived long enough to clarify his argument. In 1933, writers like Karl Buhler in his book (Sprachtheorie), and study had already talked about speech act; however very few people paid attention to his work.However, the work J.L.Austin made philosophers pay more attention to the uses of language. He tried to describe the way people do things using words. For instance, he said that words are usually followed by a certain action. He tried to clarify the difference between illocutionary and prelocutionary communication acts. He argued that the best examples of illocutionary speeches are clearly observed in performative sentences like â€Å"I promise to visit you the day after tomorro w†. The act of promising is done in saying or words. All the same, the study of speech acts is closely related pragmatics, which is part of linguistics, and it is categorized as an aspect of philosophical values or virtues.ILLOCUTIONARY ACTIs a complete communication act in a typical expression or utterance and, it is made up of statements that have intended action in them. The idea of the communication act is linked to Searle’s understanding of the act. He argued that it is a description of a proposition related to the reason behind doing something else.According to Austin, the prelocutionary acts solicit for answers and they are performed by saying something. A per locution act is followed by both locution and illocution. For instance, there are cases where the purpose of the utterance differs from actual meaning. For example, if a husband asks the wife to make the bed, and the wife responds by making it. Instead of giving the answer first of either responding â€Å" yes†. This in our case was the intended answer of the speaker.DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHIn most cases, in our speeches we normally communicate with each other directly i.e. the content of the utterance may be similar with the content intended to be communicated. This forms a direct speech act.   For instance, Mary tells Tom, â€Å"can we go home it’s getting late,† The message is open and vivid to the point and we expect a direct answer.In the course of communication we normally communicate with each other, but the meaning of the linguistic approach used may differ from the message intended to be communicated, or may be communicated non verbally. For instance, Mary asks tom, â€Å"can you take me out on Friday?† .Thereby, asking tom whether he can take her out, and at the same time, to do so if he can. In this case, the utterance made indicates one performance act requiring one to perform this act, and an additional speech act which is not indicated in t he utterances. Hence the request is made indirectly. This is one way of using indirect speech acts.Secondly, they are normally used to turn down or reject proposal and make suggestions. For instance, if John asks Alex, â€Å"can we go to the library†, and Alex replies, â€Å"I will be study in my room†. In this case, Alex turned down the proposal, but indirectly as the actual meaning is not portrayed in the reply. This makes the utterance an indirect speech act.However, this poses an enormous problem to linguists as it is complicated to understand how the person who proposed knows that his/ her has been turned down. According Searle, we are able to get the definite meaning from the indirect speech through supportive process out of which we are to get compound illocutions, but the proposed processes didn’t actually solve the problem.Searle argued in indirect speech acts we have the primary and the secondary illocutions. For instance, if tom tells Mary, â€Å"Let ’s go home now† and Mary responds, â€Å"I have to see my friend first†. The primary illocution is Mary’s rejection to leave now and, the secondary illocution is the actual meaning of the statement where she says she has to see her friend first. Therefore, in indirect speech, the speaker responds by a single statement, which has a hidden and the actual meaning. He assumed that the speakers are cooperative and understand each other.Searle (pg 178) says, â€Å"In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information, together with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer.† Thereby, providing a prove supporting his argument through a number of observations. This include: indirect speech should not be taken as imperatives, and that they give directions.In pg 180, he says â€Å"Indirect speech act are not ambiguous as betwe en an imperative illocutionary force and a non imperative illocutionary force†. The acts should be translated without loosing their actual meaning and that they are idiomatic as they have a primary meaning. He observed that indirect speech act have a secondary illocution when their meaning is taken literally and do not have any hidden meaning. Similarly, (pg 180-183) he observed that when request is made through indirect speech act whose actual impression is similar to the request, the speaker has to grasp the meaning so as to respond accordingly. At the same time, the speaker has to respond to both primary and secondary illocution by first attending to primary illocution.Searle (pg 184) proposed a process by which we can distinguish between the primary and the secondary illocutions. One has to assume the speakers are cooperating, and know the background information surrounding their conversation. Similarly, understand the fact of their conversation and assume that the hearer has the capability respond to the request of the speaker.CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTIn 1975, Searle proposed the following classification of the illocutionary speech acts. These include: Expressive-these are communication acts that attempt to express the speaker’s emotions and attitude towards the proposal made. Expressions like thanks, appreciations and excuses. Directives- these are speech acts meant to give directions to the hearer or make them take a given action .These are suggestion, command and requests.Assertive: these are speech acts that assign a speaker to the actual meaning of the proposal. Commissives are speech acts that commend the speaker to some later deed. Examples are promises vows, and oaths. Declaratives are speech acts that transform the truth in accordance with the suggestion of the pronouncement. Examples are pronouncing a husband and wife, baptizing someone and pronouncing one innocent.FELICITY CONDITIONSThis refers to acknowledged predictable criteria having a predictable outcome. These procedures involve saying of certain words by a particular person under certain circumstances, and the person and the circumstances in consideration in the given situation must be accommodate the execution a particular procedure. The process should be carried out by all speakers correctly and completely. However, the procedure is intended for application by people having certain opinion and emotions or launch of a particular significant performance on the part of any participant.CRITICISMS OF THE SPEECH ACT THEORYTheory assumes any literal meaning should be compared against the non literal meaning because the linguistic meaning is supposedly sufficient for the hearer to understand the utterance, but the non linguistic meaning is also important .Implying that the expression of any statement triggers two procedures .i.e. the development of the rational outline of the utterances and the intended conclusions. Hence, there is need to consider the non linguistic meaning of any utterances, which the theory ignored.Similarly, the implicated conclusions or implicatures do not follow the use or the exploitation of maxims of conversation i.e. it has the background meaning gotten from an inferential procedure and logical nature of the speech. This implies that if the speaker and the hearer do not understand each other, it is difficult to get the intended implications of the utterance or the primary illocution, which to Searle was a bit hidden.

analysis of alica keys essays

analysis of alica keys essays In the summer of 2001 a young women by the name of Alicia Keys was introduced to the Soul and RThe Diary of Alicia Keys. It is tough to distinguish what genre to place Alicias music under because her music is a fusion of hip-hop, Rs music could also be classified to be classical, since she makes use of her talents as a classically trained pianist. Alicias music contains a variety of sounds which is influenced by the many classical composers and contemporary artists she has grown up to adore which represents how unique her style is compared to any other modern artist. Since Alicia was brought up in New York, it is easy to say that she has certainly been influenced by pop culture and thus her music would be as well; however, with her clever use of combining the classical and hip hop genre to popular songs, it is indeed without a doubt that her music is geared towards the pop culture society while preserving a portion of the classical genre. Popular culture is roughly defined as the displacement of religion due to the advancement of science and technology where the majority begins to focus on more measurable things such as ownership, values, and doings (Mills). In Alicia Keys, If I Aint Got You, the first stanza begins with the continual repetition of Some people..., and it is here that she catches the listeners attention. Here, she allows her audience to understand that in todays society many are living for the fortune, fame and power, and she then cries out, but that lifes a bore...so full of the superficial (Lyrics). This depicts that the majority of the people in popular culture are more individualistic and self-centered compared ...

M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

M - Essay Example It controls roughly 90 subsidiaries in the world. It’s the second largest packaged food company in the world just behind Procter & Gamble. Its current expansion programme includes a number of acquisitions and mergers. Its smaller acquisitions like the purchase of Kwality Group’s ice cream plants in Delhi, India by Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) and bigger ones like Japans Ajinomoto Co. for $381 million. This acquisition gave Unilever the full management control and total sales and profits in seven Asian Ajinomoto owned companies. The strategic significance of these acquisitions has to be examined against the backdrop of their future revenue generating capacities. Above all they have to be considered as part and parcel of the overall Unilever operations in the world. Its organizational structure and culture have augmented this A&M drive despite a number of set-backs that it suffered in some of its operations recently. The strategic competitive environment of the global packaged food industry in particular and the consumer goods industry in general has been characterized by a series of causative factors such as demand-centric and supply-centric influences. Health worries on the part of consumers have taken a particularly worse turn for the packaged food industry while suppliers are going for mergers and acquisitions to achieve scale economies and bigger profit margins. This trend has brought with it a host of other consequences within and without the industry. Such developments have place Unilever in a particularly tight spot with regard to M&A activity. Both causes and consequences of these acquisitions and mergers can be considered on a broader set of strategic management choices and imperatives along with competitive expediencies of time and circumstance. Unilever has been operating on a uniformly defined platform of principles of which the corner stone is the strategic competitive edge over its rivals such as Nestle, Procter & Gamble and Kraft. Thus

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment law - Essay Example 54). Question one The basic aim of labor law in all nations is to make provisions of obligation and rights to employees and employers to ensure that the mediation between the two parties is excellent. This ensures that the relations between these parties are respected, and the contract is completed is competed in good terms. The terms also play a part in ensuring that duties are executed with proficiency because no pressure is exerted. Most of these terms are put in place by relevant bodies to ensure that the legislation is honored. Road construction companies owned by Chinese and Russians are most hit by violation of labor law. The companies win most of road construction contracts in Africa. This is because their tender is low in reference to other construction companies with the same capability. These companies accept tenders under low cost, and in return they suppress their employees. This has been reported in many nations especially in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda (Duddington, 200 7, p. 36). It is quite undesirable to see young energetic, employees struggle from 6am to 10pm just to have a pay daily pay of $2.5. In reference to prevailing economy in the region, the sum can just be used to purchase their daily bread and transport. The families cannot afford taking their children in schools offering quality education, and this perpetuates poverty cycle. These constructs cost billion of shillings, yet they hardly play a part in developing societies’ living standards of living. Their scope is difficult, and has long working hours. Treatment is poor as well; they provide themselves with food, shelter, and clothing. The reason behind this exploitation is that these are developing nations. Therefore, the firms take advantage of the situation because of availability of cheap labor. Illiteracy level is also high which lead to many individuals willing to work under such poor conditions. This issue would be best addressed through international labor laws. They sho uld ensure that foreign companies remunerate their workers in reference to prevailing economy as well as cost of the contract. Governments should also work hard to protect the rights of its citizen. Question two Knights of labor Knights of labor of labor are one of the significant American labor organizations in 1880s. They were founded by Terence Powderly. They targeted uplifting cultural and social workingmen, radicalism, and rejected socialisms. They also fought for six working hours and promoted the republicans who enhanced working ethics. In the beginning, it acted as a labor union where it aimed at negotiating for employees; it did not rise to recognition. After its sudden growth in early 1880s, it later lost it members and turned out being a small organization. It was very efficient in fighting for the rights of its member, and in 1986, it had over 700,000 members. At this time, its voice was material and could influence big decisions. But in the next three years, it lost all its members from poor management (Duddington, 2007, p. 115). The organization worked hard in bringing women and black employees to equality. This is one of the reasons that had participated to its growth. It was also swift in fighting for their rights by ensuring that ward was by merit. Its roots were firm in the south, which later influenced the north to acceptance in the north (Malcolm, 2008, p. 23). American federation of labor This is among the first labor unions in

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Dont know that the police came to ask e own b acksm n to tix their only pair ot handcuffs, and start to ask questions such as how did they know it was Pip that helped the convict? ) 2. Pips convict shows his appreciation for Pips loyalty by claiming to have stolen the food and file himself, protecting Pip. 3. The hostility between the two convicts is apparently caused by the first convict trying to get the second convict to the guards, showing he was willing to return to Jail and give up his short lived freedom to do so. The second convict pleaded that he was minding his own business when the first convict attacked, and would have been murdered if the guards had not shown up. Chapter 6- He Climbed Down the Chimney. (Mr. Pumblechook claims that the only way that the convict could get inside was through the chimney. Pip is the only one who knows this is false, because it was Pip who stole the food and file to give to the criminal. ) 1 . Mr. Pumblechook is Joes uncle and, therefore, Pips brother-in-law. He gets Pip into Satis House by

Racial Prejudice in British Immigration Policy :: essays research papers

Racial Prejudice in British Immigration Policy Introduction The purpose of this paper is that to highlight what I see as racist, unjust and inhumane elements in Britain’s immigration system and the culture of secrecy surrounds it. The permanent residents (who has indefinite leave to remain), central to this discussion not the illegal immigrants and bogus asylum seekers. Also immigration’s treatments of people coming over to Britain for a range of other reasons and with papers and visas they expect to be accepted have been highlighted. Mainly my argument is, compared with other countries, UK is more suspicious of all people entering the country and they discriminate against people from ‘underdeveloped’ countries. I have read and quoted from various books in the Immigration subject area. Mainly, Ms. Catriona J. MacKenzie’s dissertation â€Å"Africans & UK Immigration Controls† for the degree of Masters in Social Work & Social Policy, which has been submitted to the University of Glasgow in 1995 greatly helped me to construct this paper. I also conducted a number of interviews in UK and Turkey with individuals with immigration difficulties. I also made extensive use of the Glasgow University Library. Citizenship The membership of individuals in modern democratic societies is marked by the status of citizenship. Those who belong in a given nation-state have documents certifying their membership. More importantly, citizens possess a wide range of civil, political and social rights. The reality has always been somewhat different. Most nation-states have had groups on their territory not considered capable of belonging, and therefore either denied citizenship or alternatively forced to go through a process of cultural assimilation in order to belong. Moreover, even those with formal membership have often been denied some of the rights vital to citizenship, so that they have not fully belonged. Discrimination based on class, gender, ethnicity, race, religion and other criteria has always meant that some people could not be full citizens. Securing the participation of previously excluded groups has been seen as the key to democratisation. Nazism and the ‘Final Solution’ temporarily stigmatised racial-biological thinking after 1945. However, the ‘New Racism’ that emerged in the 1970s evaded the opprobrium of biological racism and eugenics by superficially relocating difference away from phenotype and genes and on to culture. This has had dramatic effect on nature and appearance of racism in Britain. By camouflaging hereditary qualities as cultural inheritance, it became possible for mainstream politicians to inject racism back into debates about nationality and citizenship.

Learnings in Operations Management from Henry Ford, Sloan and Toyota Essay

The success of Henry Ford till 1925s Henry Ford did not invent the automobile. He didn’t even invent the assembly line. But more than any other single individual, he was responsible for transforming the automobile from an invention of unknown utility into an innovation that profoundly shaped the 20th century and continues to affect our lives today. Model T (A car for everyman) In simple terms, the Model T changed the world. It was a powerful car with a possible speed of 45 mph. It could run 25 miles on a gallon of gasoline. It carried a 20-horsepower, side-valve four-cylinder engine and two-speed planetary transmission on a 100-inch wheelbase. It was Henry Ford’s foresight which saw the potential market of automobiles. In his opinion transportation was a basic need of human and if affordable anyone would be willing to buy it. It was with this vision of delivering automobiles to everyman that Ford started to experiment with different production methodologies to lower the cost of production. Influence of Frederick Taylor on Henry Ford Frederick Taylor was a contemporary of Henry Ford. His theory of scientific management had a big impact on Henry Ford. According to Henry Ford, the assembly line was based on three simple principles: â€Å"the planned, orderly, and continuous progression of the commodity through the shop; the delivery of work instead of leaving it to the workman’s initiative to find it; an analysis of operations into their constituent parts.† A scientific approach to these principles, the next logical step in the organization of work, had already been enunciated by Frederick Taylor in what is now called as scientific management. Henry Ford used the techniques specified by Frederick Taylor in increasing the efficiency of his process. Taylor’s scientific management consisted of four principles: 1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. 2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. 3. Provide â€Å"Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker’s discrete task†. 4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Learnings from Henry Ford and Model T Assembly Line/Mass production In 1913 Henry Ford started production of Ford Model T in a sliding assembly line. Though assembly line was used previously used in different industry but it was mostly for products which had small number of parts. Model T on the other hand had many more components. Sliding assembly line of Henry Ford was inspired by overhead trolleys used to dress up beef. Henry Ford thought that the same technique can be used for automobile too. A breakthrough came in April 1913. A production engineer in the flywheel magneto assembly area tried a new way to put this component’s parts together. The operation was divided into 29 separate steps. Workers placed only one part in the assembly before pushing the flywheel down the line to the next employee. Previously, it had taken one employee about 20 minutes to assemble a flywheel magneto. Divided among 29 men, the job took 13 minutes. It was eventually trimmed to five minutes. This approach was applied gradually to the construction of the engine and other parts. According to Henry Ford: The principles of assembly are these: (1) Place the tools and the men in the sequence of the operation so that each component part shall travel the least possible distance while in the process of finishing. (2) Use work slides or some other form of carrier so that when a workman completes his operation, he drops the part always in the same place—which place must always be the most convenient place to his hand—and if possible  have gravity carry the part to the next workman for his own. (3) Use sliding assembling lines by which the parts to be assembled are delivered at convenient distances. Advantages of assembly Line : In his autobiography Henry Ford (1922) mentions several benefits of the assembly line including: Workers do no heavy lifting. No stooping or bending over. No special training required. There are jobs that almost anyone can do. Provided employment to immigrants. The gains in productivity allowed Ford to increase worker pay from $1.50 per day to $5.00 per day once employees reached three years of service on the assembly line. Ford continued on to reduce the hourly work week while continuously lowering the Model T price. Interchangeable/Standard Parts Centre to the concept of assembly line was the concept of interchangeable parts. Interchangeable parts meant that all the cars had same components at same place. This saved time which could have been wasted in sorting and identification of different parts. Henry Ford made sure that all components were standardised in the production of Model T. But it was not only parts which were standardised, Henry Ford also standardised all the processes. Following Frederick Taylor’s â€Å"One right way  to do the task†, Henry Ford devised the best possible way for a process. These were usually devised by detailed study of every task, time measurements and dividing tasks into small, controllable and reproducible steps. Labour policies Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage ($120 today), which more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable; instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford announced his $5-per-day program on January 5, 1914, raising the minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. It also set a new, reduced workweek. Ford’s policy proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing and be good for the economy. Ford explained the policy as profit-sharing rather than wages. Franchising Ford pioneered the franchise system that would be applied to other industries, such as MacDonald’s and many other franchise giants. He put a Ford plant in every country that was on good terms with the U.S. and started the trend toward global corporations. Ford mapped out the whole system, from standardizing the car to franchising dealerships to creating a global network, and he did it all with no precedents to learn from. Just in Time (Henry Ford’s Contribution) Ernest Kanzler worked with Henry Ford in reducing the inventory costs at Fordson tractor plant. Kanzler noticed that during the Great War, excessive supplies were brought into the Fordson Tractor Plant prior to production. He found that these excess supplies tied up valuable plant space and millions of dollars. To remedy this, Kanzler reorganized inventory schedules so that raw materials and pans were bought only when needed and that the freight cars used for  delivery of these pans were used immediately to transport finished Fordson tractors to dealers. The success of General Motors post  1927 (Sloan) Mr. Sloan was elected President of General Motors in 1923, succeeding Pierre S. du Pont, who said of him on that occasion: â€Å"The greater part of the successful development of the Corporation’s operations and the building of a strong manufacturing and sales organization is due to Mr. Sloan. His election to the presidency is a natural and well-merited recognition of his untiring and able efforts and successful achievement.† Mr. Sloan had developed by then his system of disciplined, professional management that provided for decentralized operations with coordinated centralized policy control. Applying it to General Motors, he set the corporation on its course of industrial leadership. The next 23 years, with Mr. Sloan as Chief Executive Officer, were years of enormous expansion for General Motors and of a steady increase in its share of the automobile market. Changing with times While Henry Ford’s success with Model T was based on providing a mean of transport to everyone, Sloan realized that by 1925s just getting a mean of transport was not important. People were now more conscious about the looks and features of car too. He changed the organisation and production system at General Motors to keep up with these changes and provide an advantage over Ford who were still producing only one model at a time. Learnings from Alfred Sloan and General Motors Annual Model Change/Planned obsolescence To maintain unit sales, General Motors head Alfred P. Sloan Jr. suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry. In his autobiography, â€Å"My Years with General Motors,† he penned this thought  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The changes in the new model should be so novel and attractive as to create demand . . . and a certain amount of dissatisfaction with past models as compared with the new one.† Decentralisation in Organisational structure Alfred Sloan split General Motors into divisions, and each division was run as a company within a company. Sloan said the company was  Ã¢â‚¬Å"coordinated in policy and decentralised in administration†. He supervised the decentralisation of the organisation into divisional operating units, placing in charge of each an executive with total authority for his own activity. In order to give coherence to the decentralised organisation, Sloan deliberately maintained a degree of central control. Decentralisation he saw as analogous to free enterprise, and centralisation to regimentation. He believed that elements of both were necessary to successful business. At the same time as dividing the company into separate units, he developed a system which enabled the units to support each other, therefore establishing a much stronger organisation as a whole. Price Segmentation Sloan realized that he can’t compete with Ford in price wars. Instead what he did was to have a model in every price segment. This way they can take some chunk of Ford’s low price range with Chevrolet cars while giving multiple options to users at higher ends. His theory was to provide â€Å"A car for every purse and purpose†. This proved very successful in the long run and have become a must do thing for big businesses in all kind of industries. Financing A company was founded in 1919 by General Motors Corporation as the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) to be a provider of financing to automotive customers. This proved very beneficial in the long run as Ford had no such system and it negated the effect of low prices provided by Ford to some extent. Inventory  control and production control Sloan devised a system where inputs from retailers and individual organisation was used to decide the production plans for future. He asked every office to give three estimates- pessimistic, realistic and optimistic. These reviews were used to forecast and plan the future production. Also, it was used to decide how much inventory needed to be kept. Fact Based planning and Decision Planning Sloan always put an emphasis on fact based decision making. Even when working under his predecessors Durant and du Pont, he always went to them with changes in system based on data. Something which du Pont readily accepted and was important in selection of Sloan as next President of General Motors. The success of Toyota in the 70s and 80s The history of Toyota started in 1933 with the company being a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of  automobiles under the direction of the founder’s son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Kiichiro Toyoda had travelled to Europe and the United States in 1929 to investigate automobile production and had begun researching gasoline-powered engines in 1930. Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was encouraged to develop automobile production by the Japanese  government, which needed domestic vehicle production, due to the war with China. Need for innovation After WWII, Levels of demand in the Post War economy of Japan were low and the focus of mass production on lowest cost per item via economies of scale therefore had little application. Kiichiro Toyoda again visited many automobile companies in US and Europe. He found that production strategies haven’t changed much in last 20 years. He asked Taiichi Ohno to devise a system as cost efficient as Ford for the Japanese economy. Taiichi Ohno took his own tour of different facilities in US. Having visited and seen supermarkets in the USA, Taiichi Ohno recognised the scheduling of work should not be driven by sales or production targets but by actual sales. Given the financial situation during this period, over-production had to be  avoided and thus the notion of Pull (build to order rather than target driven Push) came to underpin production scheduling. The working of Toyota production system has been very well documented in Jeffrey Liker’s book â€Å"The Toyota Way†. Some tools from Toyota production System Jidoka It may be described as â€Å"intelligent automation† or â€Å"automation with a human touch.† This type of automation implements some supervisory functions rather than production functions. At Toyota this usually means that if an abnormal situation arises the machine stops and the worker will stop the production line. It is a quality control process that applies the following four principles: 1. Detect the abnormality. 2. Stop. 3. Fix or correct the immediate condition. 4. Investigate the root cause and install a countermeasure. Kanban (Just In Time) Kanban cards are a key component of kanban and signal the need to move materials within a manufacturing or production facility or move materials from an outside supplier in to the production facility. The kanban card is, in effect, a message that signals that there is a depletion of product, parts, or inventory that, when received, the kanban will trigger the replenishment of that product, part, or inventory. Consumption therefore drives demand for more production, and demand for more product is signaled by the kanban card. Kanban cards therefore help create a demand-driven system. Kaizen Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work (â€Å"muri†), and teaches  people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: â€Å"The idea is to nurture the company’s human resources as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities.† Successful implementation requires â€Å"the participation of workers in the improvement.† People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. 5 Whys The 5 Whys is an iterative question-asking technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem.The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a defect or problem. (The â€Å"5† in the name derives from an empirical observation on the number of iterations typically required to resolve the problem.) 5S There are five primary 5S phases: They can be translated from the Japanese as Sort, Systematize, Shine, Standardize and Self-Discipline. Sort: Remove unnecessary items and dispose of them properly Systematize: Arrange all necessary items in order so they can be easily picked for use Shine: Prevent machinery and equipment deterioration Standardize: Maintain everything in order and according to its standard Self-Discipline: To keep in working order Ohno Circle Taiichi Ohno was well known for walking onto the shop floor and drawing a circle on the ground. He would then go and stand in the circle and observe, think and analyse. Learn what was actually going on. From this study he would then have enough knowledge to improve the process. Three types of waste Muda: any activity in your process that does not add value. MUDA is not creating value for the customer. Mura: Any variation leading to unbalanced situations. In short: UNEVENNESS, inconsistent, irregular. Muri: Any activity asking unreasonable stress or effort from personnel, material or equipment. In short: OVERBURDEN Andon Andon is a manufacturing term referring to a system to notify management, maintenance, and other workers of a quality or process problem. The alert can be activated manually by a worker using a pullcord or button, or may be activated automatically by the production equipment itself. The system may include a means to stop production so the issue can be corrected. Learning from Toyota Production System The Toyota Way A brief summary of points given in Toyota Way: Section I: Long-Term Philosophy Principle 1. Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. Section II: The Right Process Will Produce the Right Results Principle 2. Create a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface. Principle 3. Use â€Å"pull† systems to avoid overproduction. Principle 4. Level out the workload (heijunka). (Work like the tortoise, not the hare.) Principle 5. Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time. Principle 6. Standardized tasks and processes are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment. Principle 7. Use visual control so no problems are hidden. Principle 8. Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes. Section III: Add Value to the Organization by Developing Your People Principle 9. Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others. Principle 10. Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company’s philosophy. Principle 11. Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve. Section IV: Continuously Solving Root Problems Drives Organizational Learning Principle 12. Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (genchi genbutsu). Principle 13. Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly (nemawashi). Principle 14. Become a learning organization through relentless reflection (hansei) and continuous improvement (kaizen). References http://corporate.ford.com/our-company/heritage/heritage-newsdetail/672-model-t http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line http://www.sloan.org/about-the-foundation/who-was-alfred-psloan-jr/ http://corporate.ford.com/our-company/heritage/historic-sitesnews-detail/663-highland-park http://www.thehenryford.org/EXHIBITS/HF/ http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/henryford.asp http://www.vectorstudy.com/management-gurus/frederick-taylor http://www.shmula.com/fords-contribution-to-just-in-time/371/ http://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Scientific_Manage ment.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence http://inspiredeconomist.com/2012/09/20/the-greatest-inventionplanned-obsolescence/ http://www.mbsportal.bl.uk/taster/subjareas/busmanhist/mgmtthin kers/sloan.aspx http://www.economist.com/node/14298890 http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/anil.kashyap/research/papers/gene ralmotors.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan The Toyota Way – Jeffrey Liker My Years with General Motors – Alfred Sloan

Auret van Heerden is the President of the Florida Labor...

Auret van Heerden has been the president of the Fair Labor Association (FLA) since 2001. â€Å"The FLA is a non-profit collaborative effort of universities, civil society organizations, and businesses. It describes its mission as promoting adherence to international and national labor laws†. (Wikipedia, 2014). The speech given by Auret van Heerden highlight issues with supply chain such as child labor, human rights abuses and the huge ethical and moral dilemma this presents to us all as consumers and as fellow human beings. In 1996 President Clinton convened a meeting at the White House which was attended by industry, human rights NGOs, trade unions, the Department of Labor, in which a task force was formed and they spent about three years arguing about who takes how much responsibility in the global supply chain. Companies didnt feel it was their responsibility. They dont own those facilities. They dont employ those workers. Theyre not legally liable. Everybody else at the table said, Folks, that doesnt cut it. You have a custodial duty, a duty of care, to make sure that that product gets from wherever to the store in a way that allows us to consume it, without fear of our safety, or without having to sacrifice our conscience to consume that product. So they agreed, Okay, what well do is we agree on a common set of standards, code of conduct. Well apply that throughout our global supply chain regardless of ownership or control. Well make it part of the contract.