Technology or Liberal Arts? :: Personal Reflection

I have always had two interesting, but opposite loves. I have always found myself referring back to computers and philosophy in my day-after-day routine. I would usually spend hours reading and analyzing Platos doctrines or tinkering with the insides of my custom made PC, sometimes both at the same time. However, if ever asked which one I would like to pursue as a c argonr, I would have to stop and think about it. Both computer science and philosophy have a lot to offer, but at the same time, a lot to dislike.There are advantages and disadvantages for getting a computer science degree. Computer science is a growing field that isnt slowing down. Companies are constantly looking for young bright gurus who know how to understand and handle the amount of new breeding being created every day. Even in this current economic situation, people who work with computers have very stable commerces. We as a society are at a point where we rely too heavily on computers to accomplish tasks for us , and cannot just simply stop using them. Financially, computer science to a fault looks promising. Since computers are alien to most people, the fact that there are a small percentage of people that actually understand computers, people who know are considered to have a unique set of skills. So employers are ready to give fat paychecks to anyone that has proven that they are experts in the field. Since I have had anterior jobs in this field, I can confirm that there is good money in it. For example, being a junior in a high aim I was given a part time job (which later became full time) which started me off at $9.25 an hour. This later increased as they saw how practised I was. On the other hand, despite all of these positive reasons, computer science has a very promising outlook as a job for it is quite boring and dull. I would find myself hating my job and myself as I type away at a keyboard inside of a cubical. It does not construct the body or the mind and I would find myse lf looking forward to simple things, such as being first to get to the fresh privy of coffee, as a source of excitement. As well as not enjoying my job, my degree would be outdated within a few years. Which means though I may have been working for a company for multiple years, a young naive college graduate could easily take my place.

Interview Essay - Jacey Hart -- Interview Essays

query Essay - Jacey HartJ.C. Hart is a inwrought Californian, and was born June 10, 1927, in Inglewood. She has been married to her husband, Jim for fifty-two long time. Together they have raised one male child and two daughters, who also reside in Southern California.J.C. feels that her family and wedding party have provided the foundation for satisfaction in her life. When she married Jim in 1948, she found great happiness just in spending time with him. Over the years her definition of happiness has changed. J.C.s children were of foremost importance in her life and added to her happiness. Certain years played out working also contributed to her happiness. She said, The emphasis has changed, but non the foundation. sometimes J.C. knew she was happy because she felt euphoric, but mainly her feelings of happiness come from being content. She said that she feels more(prenominal) satisfied than happy now when accomplishing something.Im not likely to scope out, because negative emotions were not always welcomed. But she feels that her husband, Jim has played a significant role in succoring her cope with unhappiness. Because of his sensitivity towards her, J.C. hasnt experienced any solid sorrows. She doesnt like to spend time feeling low. Physical activities and a horse sense of skill help lighten her mood. She enjoys participating in Saddleback Colleges exercise classes that are held in Leisure World. Companionship, singing in her church, and notice sunrises, sunsets and the moon are important activities for J.C.s sense of happiness.There are a couple of things make J.C. unhappy. iodin is when she gets discouraged when her time is spent unproductively. She is a fan of PBS, and enjoys spending some of her time watching their many fasc... ... faith and more on intellectual challenges, and well-disposed/political awareness.J.C. believes that parents today seem to put more emphasis on enjoying their children, rather than on being a successful parent . She says that enjoying your children, and parenting them with love, respect and a supportive attitude is a great way to achieve happiness.To achieve happiness, J.C. suggests that a person should be willing to keep learning, act on positive impulses, not put things off, and take good care of their health. Summarizing this advice with her philosophy on life, she emphasized the importance of contact a balance between your family, your social life, the contributions you make to society, and the accomplishment of your desired goals.After meeting J.C. Hart, I feel that her last name should be HEART. She has an line of love, warmth, and wisdom that touched Me. Interview Essay - Jacey Hart -- Interview EssaysInterview Essay - Jacey HartJ.C. Hart is a native Californian, and was born June 10, 1927, in Inglewood. She has been married to her husband, Jim for fifty-two years. Together they have raised one son and two daughters, who also reside in Southern California.J.C. fe els that her family and marriage have provided the foundation for happiness in her life. When she married Jim in 1948, she found great happiness just in spending time with him. Over the years her definition of happiness has changed. J.C.s children were of foremost importance in her life and added to her happiness. Certain years spent working also contributed to her happiness. She said, The emphasis has changed, but not the foundation. Sometimes J.C. knew she was happy because she felt euphoric, but mainly her feelings of happiness come from being content. She said that she feels more satisfied than happy now when accomplishing something.Im not likely to reach out, because negative emotions were not always welcomed. But she feels that her husband, Jim has played a significant role in helping her cope with unhappiness. Because of his sensitivity towards her, J.C. hasnt experienced any serious sorrows. She doesnt like to spend time feeling low. Physical activities and a sense of accomp lishment help lighten her mood. She enjoys participating in Saddleback Colleges exercise classes that are held in Leisure World. Companionship, singing in her church, and watching sunrises, sunsets and the moon are important activities for J.C.s sense of happiness.There are a couple of things make J.C. unhappy. One is when she gets discouraged when her time is spent unproductively. She is a fan of PBS, and enjoys spending some of her time watching their many fasc... ... faith and more on intellectual challenges, and social/political awareness.J.C. believes that parents today seem to put more emphasis on enjoying their children, rather than on being a successful parent. She says that enjoying your children, and parenting them with love, respect and a positive attitude is a great way to achieve happiness.To achieve happiness, J.C. suggests that a person should be willing to keep learning, act on positive impulses, not put things off, and take good care of their health. Summarizing th is advice with her philosophy on life, she emphasized the importance of striking a balance between your family, your social life, the contributions you make to society, and the accomplishment of your desired goals.After meeting J.C. Hart, I feel that her last name should be HEART. She has an aura of love, warmth, and wisdom that touched Me.

Japanese Education Essay examples -- Essays Papers

japanese Education Japan is a country that takes teaching very seriously. This may be understood by the remarkable achievement that has been made. Japan=s education system played a major role in enabling the country to meet the challenges presented by the need to quickly understand Western ideas, science, and technology in the Meiji Period. It was also a key factor in Japan=s recovery and degraded growth in the years that followed World War II. We can=t assume that education is the only thing that shaped the country, but can we opine that it was a major influence in prosperity and welfare. Despite what may have happened before, it is clear that the education reform was necessary to build back up Japan=s prosperity in the years to come. History of Japans Education Education has always existed one and only(a) form or another. The first system of education was during the Tokugawa Period, which placed a high sense of learning. They learned benevolence, justice , courtesy and individual integrity. These were the most stressed systems of thought. The men also had to learn education and the ways of war. The ease up of this method was Tokugawa Ieyasu, he issued a law saying Aarts of peace (10) which meant learning and also to learn the arts of war. He felt that both were of equal immenseness and should be mastered by all. After this system was applied, by the 1860s much of the curriculum was found in more than 300 schools across Japan. This soon changed by1868, when one of the top students from the Tokugawa education, suggested that Japan can compare with other Adeveloped nations(11) of this time. After this suggestion Japan accepted many of the Western ideas. They wanted to modernize their country and by doing th... ...dation, 1982. Beauchamp, Edward R. AEducation and Schooling in Japan since 1945. New York & London. Garland Publishing, Inc, 1998.Walberg, Herbert J., and Leestma, Robert. AJapanese Educational Productivity. University of M ichigan, 1983.Japan=s Education System. December 5, 2003. November 5, 2003.Japan=s Education System. September 30, 2003. November 5, 2003.Japan Access. December 1, 2003. November 5, 2003. Japanese Education and Literacy. August 1, 2003. November 5, 2003.Role of Education in Economic Development in Japan. September 23, 2003. November 5, 2003.

Symbols and Symbolism in Siddhartha - The Snake, the Bird and the River

Symbols and Symbolism in Siddhartha - The Snake, the Bird and the River In Herman Hesss, Siddhartha, Siddharthas constant growth and spiritual evolution is elucidated through the symbolic representation of the snake, the bird and the river. As a snake sheds its skin in order to continue its physical growth, Siddhartha sheds the skins of his past he realized that something had left him, like the hoary skin a snake sheds/ Something was no longer with him, something that had accompanied him right through his youth and was a part of him (37). In this way Siddhartha leaves his childhood companion, Govinda, and follows the teachings of the known one. Siddhartha then journeys on alone and feels vulnerable as his past reveals his lost soul, I was afraid, I was fleeing from myself... (38). Siddhartha eagerly gathers himself and ventures on to explore alternative religions. He no longer relies on his past, his Samana upbringing and heritage, Immediately he moved on again and began to walk quickly and impatiently, no longer homeward, no longer to his father, no longer looking backw...

Anne Frank :: World War II History

Anne FrankAnne Frank lived with her family in a pleasant house. For Anne and her sister, Margot, their early childhood was a sucure place dwell by loving parents, relatives and nurses.However, the Nazis had gained power in some parts of Germany. The Nazis wanted all Jews to be killed. Otto Frank, Annes father, did not hestitate to wait for the Nazis to come into full power. In 1933, the Franks leftfield Frankfort. Mrs. Frank and the two girls joined her mother in Aachen, near the Belgian border. Otto Frank went to Holland and started a business in food products. In the spring of 1934, the Franks reunited and settled in capital of The Netherlands.Anne Frank lived in Amsterdam happily, like she did in Frankfort. She attended Montessori School and had a host of friends. Her father, however, was still worried for in Germany the Nazis gained almost sleep together power. In 1940, the Germans envaded and conquered Holland.Annes life had changed by the Germans taking control. She could n ot go to her school, and was to attend the Jewish Lyceum. No Jews were allowed out on the streets at night.In 1941, the Germans had their first round-up of Jews in Amsterdam. 5 months later, the Germans summonded 16-year-old Margot Frank to report for deportation. Otto Frank, however, had contact with Dutch friends, and were able to hide out in the attic of a house. The morning after Margot was summonded they left Amsterdam and went to the attic of the house called the Secret Annexe.In the Secret Annexe they were joined by the Van Daan family. There was Mr. and Mrs. Van Daan and their son Peter. Later, a eldery dentist, Alburt Dussel, was invited to share their refuge. The 8 Jews hid in the Secert Annexe for many years. Otto Franks Dutch friends, brought them food and even gifts. The news in the fall of 1942 was terrifying for the Franks. The roundup of Jews from Holland was proceeding according to plan. While the Franks were in hiding, Germany was at the height of conquest.But of A ugust 4, 1944, the Gestapo penetrated into the Frnaks hiding place. The 8 Jews, together were taken to Gestapo headquaters in Amsterdam. The Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel were sent to Westbork.Anne Frank, Diary of a Young Girl was in truth the diary of Anne Frank. Anne Frank was a girl who lived with her family during the time of while the Nazis took power.

Anne Frank :: World War II History

Anne straight-from-the-shoulderAnne Frank lived with her family in a pleasant house. For Anne and her sister, Margot, their early childhood was a sucure place inhabited by loving parents, relatives and nurses.However, the Nazis had gained power in some parts of Germany. The Nazis wanted all Jews to be killed. Otto Frank, Annes father, did not hestitate to wait for the Nazis to come into full power. In 1933, the Franks left Frankfort. Mrs. Frank and the two girls joined her mother in Aachen, near the Belgian border. Otto Frank went to Holland and started a business in food products. In the spring of 1934, the Franks reunited and settled in Amsterdam.Anne Frank lived in Amsterdam happily, like she did in Frankfort. She attended Montessori School and had a host of friends. Her father, however, was still worried for in Germany the Nazis gained almost complete power. In 1940, the Germans envaded and conquered Holland.Annes life had changed by the Germans taking control. She could not go to her school, and was to attend the Jewish Lyceum. No Jews were allowed out on the streets at night.In 1941, the Germans had their first round-up of Jews in Amsterdam. 5 months later, the Germans summonded 16-year-old Margot Frank to report for deportation. Otto Frank, however, had contact with Dutch friends, and were able to hide out in the bonce of a house. The morning after Margot was summonded they left Amsterdam and went to the attic of the house called the Secret Annexe.In the Secret Annexe they were joined by the Van Daan family. There was Mr. and Mrs. Van Daan and their son Peter. Later, a eldery dentist, Alburt Dussel, was invited to share their refuge. The 8 Jews hid in the Secert Annexe for many years. Otto Franks Dutch friends, brought them food and even gifts. The news in the fall of 1942 was terrifying for the Franks. The roundup of Jews from Holland was proceeding according to plan. While the Franks were in hiding, Germany was at the apex of conquest.But of August 4, 1944, the Gestapo penetrated into the Frnaks hiding place. The 8 Jews, together were taken to Gestapo headquaters in Amsterdam. The Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel were sent to Westbork.Anne Frank, Diary of a Young Girl was actually the daybook of Anne Frank. Anne Frank was a girl who lived with her family during the time of while the Nazis took power.

History of Singapore

This essay integrates and revises material from Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to capital of capital of capital of Singapore arrangement a Global city State in the Cycles of Melaka question write up in Miksic, ass & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) early on Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts p125-139, De Coutres Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 625 (A/Prof Peter Borschbergs website at www. borschberg. sg), and Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and burning siamese connection Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year level, From first Emporium to knowledge domain City by, p19-82, The Free lexicon by Farlex, 2009, www. thefreedictionary. com 1 definition of strategic obtained from www. thefreedictionary. com 2 C. A.Gibson try to answer Raffles Professor of History Wong Lin Ken claim that no historian has so far adequately explained why Singapore failed to be a study trading centre before the nineteenth century in Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locati ng a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka school principal History in Miksic, toilet & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 3 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and burning Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to innovation City, p32 4 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and suntan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to mankind City, p52 5 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and burning Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to beingness City, p74 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and burn mark Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to valet de chambre City, p74 7 De Coutres Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 1625 (A/Prof Peter Borschbergs website at www. borschberg. g) 8 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p77 9 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p78 10 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 12 from Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts, p135 13 John Crawfurd recorded that Raffles touched at Singapore to run into enquires, and then for the first time, the advantage and superiority of its locality presented themselves in Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 14 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p80 15 Prof Kwa Choon Guans lecture 3 notes, slide 4 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p55, recording an anecdote of Suma Oriental 17 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, 56-57 18 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p57-59 19 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p59 20 Eurasian manoeuvre and explorer manuel godinho dEredias report, Declaracam de Malaca e India Meridional com o Cathay Chorographic Description of the Straits of Sincapure and Sabbam in 1604 marked a xabandaria at the south sailing of Singapore 21 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61 22 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p73 23Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61History of SingaporeThis essay integrates and revises material from Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts p125-139, De Coutres Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 625 (A/Prof Peter Borschbergs website at www. borschberg. sg), and Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City by, p19-82, The Free Dictionary by Farlex, 2009, www. thefreedictionary. com 1 definition of strategic obtained from www. thefreedictionary. com 2 C. A.Gibso n attempted to answer Raffles Professor of History Wong Lin Ken claim that no historian has yet adequately explained why Singapore failed to be a major trading centre before the nineteenth century in Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 3 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p32 4 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p52 5 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 7 De Coutres Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 1625 (A/Prof Peter Borschber gs website at www. borschberg. g) 8 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p77 9 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p78 10 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 12 from Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts, p135 13 John Crawfurd recorded that Raffles touched at Singapore to make enquires, and then for the first time, the advantage and superiority of its locality presented themselves in Kwa Chong Guan, From Temasik to Singapore Locating a Global Cit y State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819 Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 14 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p80 15 Prof Kwa Choon Guans lecture 3 notes, slide 4 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p55, recording an anecdote of Suma Oriental 17 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, 56-57 18 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p57-59 19 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p59 20 Eurasian engineer and explorer manuel godinho dEredias report, Declaracam de Malaca e India Meridional com o Cathay Chorographi c Description of the Straits of Sincapure and Sabbam in 1604 marked a xabandaria at the south coast of Singapore 21 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61 22 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p73 23Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61

Blood Brothers

The past few weeks I consume been reading the play demarcation Br new(prenominal)s written by Willy Russell. It is the story of twin br some new(prenominal)s who ar separated at birth. Wealthy Mrs Lyons, who is not able to inquire a crap for her own infantren, blackmails her maid, Mrs Johnst bingle into giving her single of her new(a) born twins. Mrs Lyons piddle offices all Miss Johnstons other children well benefit, as the Johnstons claim little money. The women agree that it should be their secret and no one else will ever know the truth. The play explores many radicals, some cosmos, superstition, knowledge and social segmentation.This essay will discuss the changes in the relationship betwixt Edward and rice paddy, patch besides looking at the conveyed themes. The branch time Edward and paddy field fill up is when they are seven. My best friend always had sweets to share. rice paddy is describing Eddie as his best friend. When the brothers first met Edw ard shared sweets with paddy field, this small gesture started their friendship. If Edward had not shared his sweets the brothers might have never became friends. When they find off that they were born on the uniform day paddy field asks Eddie to become his blood brother.The boys both made a small carving on their hand, then linked the cuts to exciteher, making the blood from the boys join. Both mothers find out closely their friendship and are fast in telling their sons to dampen it up. Edward tells Mickey, My mum says I havent got to play with you Mickey replies Well, my mum says I havent to play with you. Both mothers are trying to get the twins to stop communicating. By this time the brothers are good friends and blood brothers. Against their mothers wishes the brothers extend to have a friendship until Mrs Lyons even decides to persuade her husband to pass the family absent.Soon after, the Johnstons are moved to a house in the country hidden to them its the aforeme ntioned(prenominal) area in which the Lyons moved to. The brothers befacest in one case more in a field at the age of 14, not knowing who the other is. After the move the Johnstons living has improved, Mickey close up has a crush on Linda nevertheless doesnt know how to ask her out. This is another element of fate, they live close by and were both excluded from school at the same time. The twins go to the cinema together, then they finally legitimateise who the other is and fall upon up with Linda.Mrs Lyons spots Mrs Johnston and tries to kill her. The boys friendship is still strong but the time gap has left a toll. Edwards vocabulary is not as posh/strong. a comparable the contrast in backgrounds shows. Mickey smokes, while Edward doesnt. Edward lives in a posh area Mickey lives in the estate. Also Edward attends a tete-a-tete school while Mickey goes to the county school. The next time Edward and Mickey conglomerate is when they are 18. If I was Mickey I would have ask ed you years ago. Edward is jealous of the recoverings Linda has for Mickey.He knows Mickey notions the same for Linda and puts his best friends feelings over his own and persuades him to ask her out. plot of ground Edward is away at University Linda falls meaning(a) and Mickey looses his job. This pushes Edwards life further away from Mickeys. Edward socialises and is in further education. Mickey is on the dole with a pregnant wife, hes a lot to a greater extent pinchd than Edward. When Edward returns Mickey doesnt have any money, The Christmas Partys gonna be on me. Mickey had promised to transmit Edward out for a treat.Edward said he would pay, but if anything, this put much pressure on Mickey and it pushed him into participating in a hold up with his brother, Sammy. The job goes all wrong, Sammy shoots someone and they both end up in jail. While in jail Mickey is put into a depression and ends up on antidepressant drugs. I get depressed an I need to take these cos they m ake me better. Edward helps Mickey and Linda get a house and gets Mickey a job. This puts a strain on Mickey and Linda, Mickey feels he is a failure as his wife had to get help off a friend. Im not stupid, Linda. You select it out.You an Councillor Eddie Lyons. He thinks Linda and Edward are having an affair. Mickey gets a gun and goes to confront Edward. Ive been thinkin again, Eddie. You an Linda were friends when she first got pregnant, werent y? Does my child belong to you as well as ein truththin else? The police enter, and try to incline Mickey to drop the gun. Mrs Johnstone enters, and pleads with Mickey to not shoot. She blurts out that they are brothers, and that she couldnt afford to keep them both. Mickeys jealousy is shown, Why didnt you tumble me awayI could have been I could have been him At this refer Mickeys gun goes off accidentally, the police open fire. Both brothers are dead. In conclusion the relationship between Edward and Mickey has its ups and downs. At first they are close friends and are then separated, at xiv they meet up again and are coincidentally separated once more. By the age of eighteen Mickey realises the contraventions and is betrayed by Edward. In the end realisation hits the brothers as they are told the truth, a childish stipulation was for real. The overall meaning is that although e very(prenominal)one has secrets, if they sincerely matter they will be found out.Blood BrothersBlood Brothers is a musical by Willy Russell which was written and first performed in 1981. The musical is about twin brothers, separated at birth, with one kept in a p officetarian family and the other adopted into a wealthy family. The constituents of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons, the mothers, are total icys. Mrs Johnston is a struggling, single mother of seven, with another two on the way, whereas Mrs Lyons is a privileged, yet childless, get married woman. One of the main themes of the musical is superstition for example the so ng tog upon the table is all about superstition.Another big theme of the musical is fate. Eddie and Mickey meet almost as if they are meant to, and instantly take a disposition to one another. When they lose contact, they meet again, proving they are supposed to be a pair. Also the narrator plays the role of the excoriate and he sings the song lyrics you know the devils got your number and that is implying that no matter what, fate is release to happen wheresoever the characters are living or whatever they are doing. The last theme to the musical is social class, the social unit way through the musical we are being reminded about how different these characters are to each other.Willy Russell shows this by their clothes, accent or speech. The opening scene started with a funeral we saw some men dressed in black suits putting two bodies into coffins (Mickey and Eddie) however the gauze curtain was still not raised. This watch overmed like the past and present of the story, as th is first scene was the unavoidable end. I think that was assembleive because it immediately gets your attention and you become impetuous to know whats going on. Mickey and Eddie lay cheek by side both dead. The narrator then tells us the story of what happened. This is cross-cutting as it shows a different time period then returns to the current one.When we are first introduced to Mrs Johnston, she is a single mother ever since her husband left her for a young woman. She is not dressed in the best of clothes as she does not have much money and her job is cleaning Mrs. Lyons house. Mrs. Johnston is a lowclass Liverpudlian, who is extremely hard spurting. Mrs Johnston is shown as a woman in her thirties but a very worn out woman because of the stress of work and her children. Mrs Johnston stutters at times because of her being under pressure, like when Mrs Lyons is persuading her to give away one of the twins.And by Mrs. Johnston stuttering it shows she is unsure and pressured i nto something she doesnt want to do. Willy Russell presents Mrs Johnston to the earshot as a decent woman, who gives lots of love to her children, but she butt jointt give them more than that because she hasnt got a well-paid job and she is working as Mrs Lyons house maid, which takes a lot of her time, which could be spent with her children instead. That is why Mickey and his siblings are left to check over about life themselves on the streets. That makes the audience sympathise with the poor people.She shows that to the audience after she learns she is going to have twins by saying With one more baby we could have managed. But not with two. The Welfare have already been on to me. They say Im incapable of controllin the kids Ive already got. They say I should put some of them into care so because she loves her children and wants to keep them she makes the present of giving Eddie to Mrs. Lyons with hope that he will have a better life then what she could give him. Even though s he regrets giving Eddie to Mrs. Lyons her superstitions scratch her from telling anyone about what she has done out of the fear of killing her own children.Mrs Lyons contrasts unfeignedly strongly against Mrs Johnston. At first, Mrs Lyons is shown as a bright person in her thirties, unlike the stressed Mrs Johnston who is the same age. Mrs Lyons is an upper middle-class woman. She is dressed very smartly as she has the money to have nice clothes. Mrs. Lyons is a very wicked woman, who is forceful and pressurising. Mrs Lyons uses negative views about extra children so that Mrs Johnston will have to give away one of the twins to her. She doesnt do this in an self-asserting way, but in a dangerously sweet way. So that Mrs.Johnston doesnt feel like she can cope any more. Willy Russell also shows Mrs. Lyons to be egoistic as Mrs Lyons is willing to take a child away from its mother, so that she can save herself. Mrs Lyons is a very sly and devious woman, as she uses superstition ag ainst Mrs Johnston, so that she can keep one of the twins. Her facial expressions are very can buoy and persuading and her body language comes across very confident as she knows thats she is manipulating Mrs. Johnston. The fabricator is also a very important part to the musical he acts as a shadow of the other characters. Firstly he was like the host.He constantly kept appearing and kept the performance flowing. It seemed as if he had the conflicting to slow things down and also to speed things up when he wanted. He wore a smart black suit which gave him a high profile. His voice was apply quite well because he adjusted it to make it loud and directing as a narrator should have but it also had a grab of power in it. During the performance he popped up here and in that respect just to clarify things for the audience. The Narrator is there as a reminder of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons agreement. The other characters dont acknowledge him which shows he is of a ghostly nature.The N arrator raises suspicion and builds up tension between the characters. The Narrator also has no emotions and he comes across as a very cold person which makes the audience feel as if he is like a devil type figure. Although he is a devil like figure, he is a neutral character because he doesnt choose sides and we dont know anything about him, other than he knows the fate of each character. The Narrator is trying to tell Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons that their pact wont work, because the truth will be known. He uses repetition and rhyme, so that his lines are more catchy and memorable.The character of Mickey was portrayed authentically well as the person playing this role was showing great child like movements such as pulling his jumper over his knees and also by the way he was speaking. The way Mickey was speaking came across very child like as he was doing a lot of riming and simple sentences. Mickey also plays childhood games, like mounted Police and Indians, and runs slightly wi th a toy gun. When Mickey was playing his cowboy like games he pretended to have a horse between his legs and he galloped almost the point like a child would do.As Mickey got older he showed he was acting more mature and he understood that life wasnt going to be easy for him and he needed to work for things unlike Eddie who had everything sorted out for him. When Mickey has got out of prison he is really unsteady and has to take pills to calm himself even though he doesnt need the pills, he just thinks he does. But when Mickey takes the pills, Willy Russell uses stage directions to give the characters emotion with their physical movement, so when Mickey takes the pills the lights come up on Mickey.We see him go to take his pill, we see him struggle not to take it Russell does this to get the audience to feel sad and sympathetic for Mickey. So in this scene the lighting is really dim, which reflects on Mickeys thought processes which are slow and aged. You can see from this scene that prison has aged Mickey beyond doubt. Mickey employ movement and his voice to really portray Mickeys vulnerability. Mickeys movements were slow and it seemed like every step he took was agony. His speech was slow, and his voice was extremely quiet.He walked hunched over, as if trying to protect himself from an unknown fear. Eddie is the complete opposite to Mickey as he was raised in a wealthy family and he shows this in his body language because he stands up straight, speaks politely and is never rude. When Eddie first meets Mickey, Mickey speaks in common English and uses slang around Eddie and he finds it amazing because he has never heard any one let loose like that. Eddie seems to have grown up very fast because at the age of seven, he is already very polite and well spoken. His parents have influenced him because he is like a miniature adult.Throughout the whole of the musical Mrs. Johnston sings about Marilyn Monroe, Marilyn Monroe is a very clever icon to use througho ut the musical. This is because using her as a reference dos us in the correct time period. She is also a good symbol, because she has links to many of the themes in the play including death, addiction and beauty. All the scenes were set in the same location and the set design remained the same for the whole performance, even when the backdrop changed however, the insides of houses, occasionally descended from the ceiling to show the insides of each home.One the right side of the stage was a wall which had graffiti on it and that represented the pull down class type of area that Mickey and Mrs. Johnston would live in. Class difference is displayed very clearly in Blood Brothers, in particular the difference in wealth between the two families. Eddies parents ensure that he has a comfortable raising and is able to study at university and receive a qualification, resulting in a highly paid job. This is completely different to Mickey.He comes from a poor family which meant that he was stuck in a dead end job in a factory. I bleeding hated it, standing there all day never doing anything away from putting cardboard boxes together. This reflects Mickeys frustration and highlights the lack of opportunities open to him, which adds to the salient effect of the musical because it prepares us for trouble in the future. A good example of dramatic irony in the musical is when Eddie and Mickey decide that as they are such good friends they will become blood brothers. Hey, we were born on the same day. That means we can be blood brothers. The audience knows that they were actually brothers so that creates dramatic irony. I really enjoyed the musical Blood Brothers and it helped me understand the class difference which is displayed very clearly in the difference in wealth between the two families. I also liked the way the actors never came out of role when bringing in props e. g. chairs, tables and carpets. I also loved how the lighting would make a very serious point fe el more real and intense.Blood BrothersThe past few weeks I have been reading the play Blood Brothers written by Willy Russell. It is the story of twin brothers who are separated at birth. Wealthy Mrs Lyons, who is not able to have her own children, blackmails her maid, Mrs Johnstone into giving her one of her new born twins. Mrs Lyons says all Miss Johnstons other children well benefit, as the Johnstons have little money. The women agree that it should be their secret and no one else will ever know the truth. The play explores many themes, some being, superstition, friendship and social class.This essay will discuss the changes in the relationship between Edward and Mickey, while also looking at the conveyed themes. The first time Edward and Mickey meet is when they are seven. My best friend always had sweets to share. Mickey is describing Eddie as his best friend. When the brothers first met Edward shared sweets with Mickey, this small gesture started their friendship. If Edward had not shared his sweets the brothers might have never became friends. When they find out that they were born on the same day Mickey asks Eddie to become his blood brother.The boys both made a small cut on their hand, then linked the cuts together, making the blood from the boys join. Both mothers find out about their friendship and are fast in telling their sons to break it up. Edward tells Mickey, My mum says I havent got to play with you Mickey replies Well, my mum says I havent to play with you. Both mothers are trying to get the twins to stop communicating. By this time the brothers are good friends and blood brothers. Against their mothers wishes the brothers continue to have a friendship until Mrs Lyons even decides to persuade her husband to move the family away.Soon after, the Johnstons are moved to a house in the country unknown to them its the same area in which the Lyons moved to. The brothers meet again in a field at the age of 14, not knowing who the other is. After the move the Johnstons life has improved, Mickey still has a crush on Linda but doesnt know how to ask her out. This is another part of fate, they live close by and were both excluded from school at the same time. The twins go to the cinema together, then they finally realise who the other is and meet up with Linda.Mrs Lyons spots Mrs Johnston and tries to kill her. The boys friendship is still strong but the time gap has left a toll. Edwards vocabulary is not as posh/strong. Also the contrast in backgrounds shows. Mickey smokes, while Edward doesnt. Edward lives in a posh area Mickey lives in the estate. Also Edward attends a private school while Mickey goes to the county school. The next time Edward and Mickey meet is when they are 18. If I was Mickey I would have asked you years ago. Edward is jealous of the feelings Linda has for Mickey.He knows Mickey feels the same for Linda and puts his best friends feelings over his own and persuades him to ask her out. While Edward is awa y at University Linda falls pregnant and Mickey looses his job. This pushes Edwards life further away from Mickeys. Edward socialises and is in further education. Mickey is on the dole with a pregnant wife, hes a lot more pressured than Edward. When Edward returns Mickey doesnt have any money, The Christmas Partys gonna be on me. Mickey had promised to take Edward out for a treat.Edward said he would pay, but if anything, this put more pressure on Mickey and it pushed him into participating in a hold up with his brother, Sammy. The job goes all wrong, Sammy shoots someone and they both end up in jail. While in jail Mickey is put into a depression and ends up on antidepressant drugs. I get depressed an I need to take these cos they make me better. Edward helps Mickey and Linda get a house and gets Mickey a job. This puts a strain on Mickey and Linda, Mickey feels he is a failure as his wife had to get help off a friend. Im not stupid, Linda. You sorted it out.You an Councillor Eddi e Lyons. He thinks Linda and Edward are having an affair. Mickey gets a gun and goes to confront Edward. Ive been thinkin again, Eddie. You an Linda were friends when she first got pregnant, werent y? Does my child belong to you as well as everythin else? The police enter, and try to convince Mickey to drop the gun. Mrs Johnstone enters, and pleads with Mickey to not shoot. She blurts out that they are brothers, and that she couldnt afford to keep them both. Mickeys jealousy is shown, Why didnt you give me awayI could have been I could have been him At this point Mickeys gun goes off accidentally, the police open fire. Both brothers are dead. In conclusion the relationship between Edward and Mickey has its ups and downs. At first they are close friends and are then separated, at fourteen they meet up again and are coincidentally separated once more. By the age of eighteen Mickey realises the differences and is betrayed by Edward. In the end realisation hits the brothers as they a re told the truth, a childish pact was for real. The overall message is that although everyone has secrets, if they really matter they will be found out.Blood BrothersBlood Brothers is a musical by Willy Russell which was written and first performed in 1981. The musical is about twin brothers, separated at birth, with one kept in a low-class family and the other adopted into a wealthy family. The characters of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons, the mothers, are total opposites. Mrs Johnston is a struggling, single mother of seven, with another two on the way, whereas Mrs Lyons is a privileged, yet childless, married woman. One of the main themes of the musical is superstition for example the song shoes upon the table is all about superstition.Another big theme of the musical is fate. Eddie and Mickey meet almost as if they are meant to, and instantly take a liking to one another. When they lose contact, they meet again, proving they are supposed to be a pair. Also the narrator plays the ro le of the devil and he sings the song lyrics you know the devils got your number and that is implying that no matter what, fate is going to happen wherever the characters are living or whatever they are doing. The last theme to the musical is social class, the whole way through the musical we are being reminded about how different these characters are to each other.Willy Russell shows this by their clothes, accent or speech. The opening scene started with a funeral we saw some men dressed in black suits putting two bodies into coffins (Mickey and Eddie) however the gauze curtain was still not raised. This seemed like the past and present of the story, as this first scene was the inevitable end. I think that was effective because it immediately gets your attention and you become eager to know whats going on. Mickey and Eddie lay side by side both dead. The narrator then tells us the story of what happened. This is cross-cutting as it shows a different time period then returns to the current one.When we are first introduced to Mrs Johnston, she is a single mother ever since her husband left her for a younger woman. She is not dressed in the best of clothes as she does not have much money and her job is cleaning Mrs. Lyons house. Mrs. Johnston is a lowclass Liverpudlian, who is extremely hard working. Mrs Johnston is shown as a woman in her thirties but a very worn out woman because of the stress of work and her children. Mrs Johnston stutters at times because of her being under pressure, like when Mrs Lyons is persuading her to give away one of the twins.And by Mrs. Johnston stuttering it shows she is unsure and pressured into something she doesnt want to do. Willy Russell presents Mrs Johnston to the audience as a decent woman, who gives lots of love to her children, but she cant give them more than that because she hasnt got a well-paid job and she is working as Mrs Lyons house maid, which takes a lot of her time, which could be spent with her children instead . That is why Mickey and his siblings are left to learn about life themselves on the streets. That makes the audience sympathise with the poor people.She shows that to the audience after she learns she is going to have twins by saying With one more baby we could have managed. But not with two. The Welfare have already been on to me. They say Im incapable of controllin the kids Ive already got. They say I should put some of them into care so because she loves her children and wants to keep them she makes the sacrifice of giving Eddie to Mrs. Lyons with hope that he will have a better life then what she could give him. Even though she regrets giving Eddie to Mrs. Lyons her superstitions stops her from telling anyone about what she has done out of the fear of killing her own children.Mrs Lyons contrasts really strongly against Mrs Johnston. At first, Mrs Lyons is shown as a bright person in her thirties, unlike the stressed Mrs Johnston who is the same age. Mrs Lyons is an upper middle -class woman. She is dressed very smartly as she has the money to have nice clothes. Mrs. Lyons is a very patronising woman, who is forceful and pressurising. Mrs Lyons uses negative views about extra children so that Mrs Johnston will have to give away one of the twins to her. She doesnt do this in an aggressive way, but in a dangerously sweet way. So that Mrs.Johnston doesnt feel like she can cope any more. Willy Russell also shows Mrs. Lyons to be self-centred as Mrs Lyons is willing to take a child away from its mother, so that she can save herself. Mrs Lyons is a very sly and devious woman, as she uses superstition against Mrs Johnston, so that she can keep one of the twins. Her facial expressions are very stern and persuading and her body language comes across very confident as she knows thats she is manipulating Mrs. Johnston. The Narrator is also a very important part to the musical he acts as a shadow of the other characters. Firstly he was like the host.He constantly kept appearing and kept the performance flowing. It seemed as if he had the remote to slow things down and also to speed things up when he wanted. He wore a smart black suit which gave him a high profile. His voice was used quite well because he adjusted it to make it loud and directive as a narrator should have but it also had a bit of power in it. During the performance he popped up here and there just to clarify things for the audience. The Narrator is there as a reminder of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons agreement. The other characters dont acknowledge him which shows he is of a ghostly nature.The Narrator raises suspicion and builds up tension between the characters. The Narrator also has no emotions and he comes across as a very cold person which makes the audience feel as if he is like a devil type figure. Although he is a devil like figure, he is a neutral character because he doesnt choose sides and we dont know anything about him, other than he knows the fate of each character. The Narrator is trying to tell Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons that their pact wont work, because the truth will be known. He uses repetition and rhyme, so that his lines are more catchy and memorable.The character of Mickey was portrayed really well as the person playing this role was showing great child like movements such as pulling his jumper over his knees and also by the way he was speaking. The way Mickey was speaking came across very child like as he was doing a lot of rhyming and simple sentences. Mickey also plays childhood games, like mounted Police and Indians, and runs around with a toy gun. When Mickey was playing his cowboy like games he pretended to have a horse between his legs and he galloped around the stage like a child would do.As Mickey got older he showed he was acting more mature and he understood that life wasnt going to be easy for him and he needed to work for things unlike Eddie who had everything sorted out for him. When Mickey has got out of prison he is really unsteady and has to take pills to calm himself even though he doesnt need the pills, he just thinks he does. But when Mickey takes the pills, Willy Russell uses stage directions to give the characters emotion with their physical movement, so when Mickey takes the pills the lights come up on Mickey.We see him go to take his pill, we see him struggle not to take it Russell does this to get the audience to feel sad and sympathetic for Mickey. So in this scene the lighting is really dim, which reflects on Mickeys thought processes which are slow and aged. You can see from this scene that prison has aged Mickey beyond doubt. Mickey used movement and his voice to really portray Mickeys vulnerability. Mickeys movements were slow and it seemed like every step he took was agony. His speech was slow, and his voice was extremely quiet.He walked hunched over, as if trying to protect himself from an unknown fear. Eddie is the complete opposite to Mickey as he was raised in a wealthy family and he shows this in his body language because he stands up straight, speaks politely and is never rude. When Eddie first meets Mickey, Mickey speaks in common English and uses slang around Eddie and he finds it amazing because he has never heard any one talk like that. Eddie seems to have grown up very fast because at the age of seven, he is already very polite and well spoken. His parents have influenced him because he is like a miniature adult.Throughout the whole of the musical Mrs. Johnston sings about Marilyn Monroe, Marilyn Monroe is a very clever icon to use throughout the musical. This is because using her as a reference sets us in the correct time period. She is also a good symbol, because she has links to many of the themes in the play including death, addiction and beauty. All the scenes were set in the same location and the set design remained the same for the whole performance, even when the backdrop changed however, the insides of houses, occasionally descended from the c eiling to show the insides of each home.One the right side of the stage was a wall which had graffiti on it and that represented the lower class type of area that Mickey and Mrs. Johnston would live in. Class difference is displayed very clearly in Blood Brothers, in particular the difference in wealth between the two families. Eddies parents ensure that he has a comfortable upbringing and is able to study at university and receive a qualification, resulting in a highly paid job. This is completely different to Mickey.He comes from a poor family which meant that he was stuck in a dead end job in a factory. I bleeding hated it, standing there all day never doing anything apart from putting cardboard boxes together. This reflects Mickeys frustration and highlights the lack of opportunities open to him, which adds to the dramatic effect of the musical because it prepares us for trouble in the future. A good example of dramatic irony in the musical is when Eddie and Mickey decide that as they are such good friends they will become blood brothers. Hey, we were born on the same day. That means we can be blood brothers. The audience knows that they were actually brothers so that creates dramatic irony. I really enjoyed the musical Blood Brothers and it helped me understand the class difference which is displayed very clearly in the difference in wealth between the two families. I also liked the way the actors never came out of role when bringing in props e. g. chairs, tables and carpets. I also loved how the lighting would make a very serious point feel more real and intense.

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay

I have been searching for m all years for the Holy Grail of interactive learning, a distinction between collaborative and accommodating learning definitions. I am getting closer to my elusive goal all the time but I am still not in all satisfied with my perception of the two concepts. I believe my confusion arises when I look at processes associated with each concept and see some overlap or inter-concept usage. I will make a humble attempt to clarify this question by presenting my definitions and reviewing those of separate authors who have helped clarify my hypothesizeing.Collaboration is a school of thought of interaction and personal lifestyle whereas cooperation is a structure of interaction designed to facilitate the accomplishment of an shutdown increase or goal. collaborative learning (CL) is a personal philosophy, not just a classroom technique. In all situations where masses come in concert in crowds, it suggests a way of dealing with people which respects and high lights individual crowd members abilities and contributions. There is a sharing of potency and acceptance of responsibility among group members for the groups actions.The underlying premise of collaborative learning is found upon consensus building through cooperation by group members, in contrast to competition in which individuals best other group members. CL practitioners apply this philosophy in the classroom, at committee meetings, with community groups, within their families and generally as a way of living with and dealing with other people. Cooperative learning is defined by a set of processes which help people interact together in order to accomplish a specific goal or develop an end crossroad which is usually content specific.It is more directive than a collaboratve system of governance and closely controlled by the instructor. While there are many mechanisms for group analysis and introspection the fundamental onslaught is teacher centered whereas collaborative lear ning is more student centered. Spencer Kagan in an article in Educational leading (Dec/Jan 1989/1990) provides an excellent definition of accommodative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. His definition provides an unbrella for the work co-op learning specialists including he Johnsons, Slavin, Cooper, Graves and Graves, Millis, etc. It follows below The structural approach to co-op learning is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures, or content-free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. Structures usually involve a series of steps, with proscribed behavior at each step. An important cornerstone of the approach is the distinction between structures and activities. To illustrate, teachers can design many excellent cooperative activities, such as making a team mural or a quilt.Such activities almost always have a specific content-bound objective and thus cannot be phthisisd to deliver a range of academic content. Structures whitethorn be used repeatedly with almost any subject matter, at a wide range of grade levels and at various points in a lesson plan. John Myers (Cooperative Learning vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of collaboration, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together the root joint for cooperation stresses the product of such work.Co-operative learning has largely American roots from the philosophical writings of John Dewey stressing the social nature of learning and the work on group dynamics by Kurt Lewin. Collaborative learning has British roots, based on the work of English teachers exploring ways to help students respond to literature by taking a more active role in their own learning. The cooperative learning tradition tends to use quantitative methods which look at achievement i. e. , the product of learning.The collaborative tradition takes a more qualitative approach, analyzing stude nt talk in response to a piece of literature or a primeval source in history. Myers points out some differences between the two concepts Supporters of co-operative learning tend to be more teacher-centered, for example when forming heterogeneous groups, structuring positive inter- dependence, and teaching co-operative skills. Collaborative learning advocates distrust structure and allow students more say if forming friendhip and interest groups. Student talk is stressed as a means for working things out. denudation and contextural approaches are used to teach interpersonal skills. Such differences can lead to dis confinements. I contend the dispute is not active research, but more about the morality of what should happen in the schools. Beliefs as to whast should happen in the schools can be viewed as a continuum of preferences toward curriculum from transmission to transaction to transmission. At one end is the transmission position. As the name suggests, the aim of this orient ation is to transmit knowledge to students in the form of facts, skills and values.The transformation position at the other end of the continuum stresses personal and social change in which the person is said to be interrelated with the environment rather than having control over it. The aim of this orientation is self-actualization, personal or organizational change. Rocky Rockwood (National Teaching and Learning Forum vol 4 6, 1995 part 1) describes the differences by acknowledging the parallels they both have in that they both use groups, both assign specific tasks, and both have the groups share and compare their procedures and conclusions in plenary class sessions.The major difference lies in the fact that cooperative deals exclusively with traditional (canonical) knowledge while collaborative ties into the social constructivist movement, asserting that both knowledge and authority of knowledge have changed dramatically in the furthest century. The result has been a transitio n from foundational (cognitive) understanding of knowledge, to a nonfoundational ground where we understand knowledge to be a social construct and learning a social process (Brufee, Collaborative learning Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge, 1993).Rockwood states In the ideal collaborative environment, the authority for testing and determining the appropriateness of the group product rests with, first, the small group, second, the plenary group (the whole class) and finally (but always understood to be subject to challenge and revision) the requisite knowledge community (i. e. the discipline geography, history, biological science etc. ) The concept of non- foundational knowledge challenges not only the product acquired, but also the process employed in the acquisition of foundational knowledge. Most importantly, in cooperative, the authority remains with the teacher, who retains ownership of the task, which involves either a closed or a closable (that is to say foundational) problem ( the instructor knows or can predict the answer). In collaborative, the instructoronce the task is set transfers all authority to the group. In the ideal, the groups task is always open ended. Seen from this perspective, cooperative does not empower students.It employs them to hang the instructors ends and produces a right or acceptable answer. Collaborative does truly empower and braves all the risks of empowerment (for example, having the group or class agree to an embarrassingly simplistic or unconvincing position or produce a solution in conflict with the instructors). Every person, Brufee holds, belongs to several informative or knowledge communities that share vocabularies, points of view, histories, values, conventions and interests.The job of the instructor id to help students learn to negotiate the boundaries between the communities they already belong to and the community represented by the teachers academic discipline, which the studen ts want to join. Every knowledge community has a core of foundational knowledge that its members consider as given (but not necessarily absolute). To draw independently within a knowledge community, the fledgling scholar must master enough material to become conversant with the community. Rockwood concludes In my teaching experience, cooperative represents the best means to approach mastery of foundational knowledge. Once students become reasonably conversant, they are ready for collaborative, ready to discuss and assess,. Myers suggests use of the transaction orientation as a compromise between taking hard positions advocating either methodology. This orientation views education as a dialogue between the student and the curriculum. Students are viewed as problem solvers. Problem solving and inquiry approaches stressing cognitive skills and the ideas of Vygotsky, Piaget, Kohlberg and Bruner are linked to transaction.This perspective views teaching as a conversation in which teache rs and students learn together through a process of negotiation with the curriculum to develop a shared view of the world. It is clear to me that in undertaking the exercize of defining differences between the two ideas we run the risk of polarizing the educational community into a we versus them mentality. There are so many benefits which acrue from both ideas that it would be a shame to lose any advantage gained from the student-student-teacher interactions created by both methods.We must be careful to avoid a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to education paradigms. As a final thought, I think it behooves teachers to educate themselves about the myriad of techniques and philosophies which create interactive environments where students take more responsibility for their own learning and that of their peers. Then it will become possible to surcharge and chose those methods which best fit a particular educational goal or community of learners.

On Your on Exercise #1

Student Name ____________________ Class Section ____________________ interpreting Module 1 On Your Own This activity in learning Module 1 gives you two reading passages to practice applying the Active teaching Strategies you have learned. Directions Complete the activity by reading each passage and answer the questions. Do not forget to spell check and proofread your work. When you have completed this activity, please upload it to the Dropbox for this week. Reading 1 The lie behind those no-account national polls by Michael Medved of USA Today. obtain The Week, October 19, 2007 Ask Ameri gits how they feel ab bring out the world, said Michael Medved, and they wander up with a paradox. Using the Predicting Strategy Read the title and first sentence. Now name what you think the passage will be about. Your prediction about the passage Now read the whole dissever Reading 1 The Lie Behind Those Gloomy National Polls by Michael Medved of USA Today. Source The Week, October 19, 200 7 Ask Ameri erects how they feel about the world, said Michael Medved, and they wind up with a paradox.By staggering majorities, people tell pollsters that they disapprove of both Congress and the President, and two out of three say the U. S. is headed in the malign direction. Yet when asked about their own lives, Americans express overwhelming contentment and dazzling confidence. A recent Harris poll found that more than nine out of 10 people ar satisfied with the life you lead, with 56 percent choosing the highest category very satisfied. Almost everyone expects life to be better in the next basketball team years.Somehow, Americans feel that they personally live in a sun-kissed, optimistic island of happiness, while the country at large is going to hell. How can this be? Its in reality not that surprising, given that we spend, on average, 30 hours a week immersed in television. On both the news and entertainment shows, the world is presented as rife with crime, terrorism, d eath, intimate depravity, personal humiliation, and bitter political conflict. Self-serving politicians add to the prevailing gloom by emphasizing problems and exaggerating threats.The real American story, though, is the one we live, in which people ar making steady economic progress and life is mostly goodand always better than it was yesterday. Using the Questioning Strategy As you read the separate 1. Do you find any details confusing, or that you wonder about? 2. Are there words you dont know? Which words argon unfamiliar? 3. What questions do you have about any confusing sentences? Your questions about the passage Using the Making Connections Strategy As you read the paragraph 1. faecal matter you make connections to anything you read about in the passage? . What previous knowledge, if any, do you have of this topic? Your connections to the passage Using the Visualizing Strategy What is in the passage that you can visualize (see in your mind) as you read? Your visualizati ons of the text Using the Summarizing Strategy Write one or two sentences that summarize the passage. Your summary of the passage Reading 2 Dieters Take Note Source www. workingmother. com (Oct. 2007) Eating out can sabotage your weight-loss plan. Using the Predicting Strategy Read the title and first sentence.Now predict what you think the passage will be about. Your prediction about the passage Now read the whole paragraph. Reading 2 Dieters Take Note Source www. workingmother. com (Oct. 2007) Eating out can sabotage your weight-loss plan. Dieters and binge eaters ate between 226 and 253 extra calories and 10 to 16 extra grams of fat on days when they dined out, concord to a new University of Texas study. Whether or not youre on a diet, make sure you dont overdo it the next time youre eating out with these simple tips Avoid fried foods and sugary drinks, especially soda.Fill up on veggies or salad with dressing on the side in the lead the entree comes. Get a take-home box when you get your meal and put half your food in it right away to keep it out of sight and prevent mindless overeating. Skip the rich dessert in favor of fresh fruit. Using the Questioning Strategy As you read the paragraph 1. Do you find any details confusing, or that you wonder about? 2. Are there words you dont know? Which words are unfamiliar? 3. What questions do you have about any confusing sentences? Your questions about the passage Using the Making Connections Strategy As you read the paragraph 1. advise you make connections to anything you read about in the passage? 2. What previous knowledge, if any, do you have of this topic? Your connections to the passage Using the Visualizing Strategy What is in the passage that you can visualize as you read? Your visualizations of the text Using the Summarizing Strategy Write one or two sentences that summarize the passage Your summary of the passage

Expressionism & art Essay

Expressionism is a complex and often contradictory movement. It encompasses the excavation of the idea while liberating the body. Expressionism generally refers to anything that was non impressionism it could even include anti-impressionistic make for. Up to the outbreak of World contend I, the term expressionism was used to key any art work that was fauviste, futurist, modern, or cubist. Expressionism has qualities that be a more sensitive perception of the world. It attempts to portray the mind of the mechanic, shaping the figures which an artist paints or writes about.(Expressionism (literature)) Subjective human experience plays a large role in expressionist art. Because of this, expressionism has potential for despair and anguish, which is quite unlike any artistic movement that came before it. (Bassie, 7-10) Expressionism was not a exacting movement unlike surrealism or naturalism in literature or impressionism in painting, expressionism was the offering of ideas, not techniques. (Expressionism in Literature) For example, after World War I, people were anxious and aware that they were vulnerable.Expressionists worked through these emotions, through the fears of atomic war, creating art that was based on their own experiences and feelings. They refused to set limits on the emotional content of their work. (Sandler, 29-30) Franz Kafkas The metamorphosis and Max Beckmanns Departure are both expressionistic, however, Kafkas figment is the more powerful example of the qualities of expressionism. In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis, there is a passage where Gregor describes the horrors of his daily, a job he never wanted. Gregor mentions that he travels for a living, that that it is much more than working in the home office. He goes on to describe what he experiences and wishes that the devil take it all (Kafka, 688) This passage from Kafkas The Metamorphosis exhibits expressionism because it expresses Gregors human feelings, even though he has been t ransformed into an insect. It shows how he very feels, including anxiety and despair. For example, he speaks of his job, even the smallest detail. He detests his job, only working at it because his father owed Gregors boss m wholenessy. He details the commute, the sub par room-and-board, and the feature that he does not have any intimate friends, only acquaintances.However, later in the story, Gregor does begin to lose all of these feelings in favor of his feelings of being an insect. He begins to enjoy rotten cheese and climbing the walls of his bedroom. When his family forgets, or rather begins to not care, about him, transforming his bedroom into a storage area that he has to live with, Gregor realizes his feelings as an insect. According to Gustav Janouch, Kafka himself described The Metamorphosis as his own idea of horror. (1477) This transformation, like that of his physical being, is the embodiment of expressionism.This passage, as sanitary as the entire story, is a sexua l intercourse of change, from one state of being to another, from one process of thinking to another. It shows the human experience not because it deals with changing into an insect, but because each individual questions the nature of their reality their job, their family life, and their inner purpose. Max Beckmanns Departure exhibits expressionism because it shows human suffering and peace. In the first panel, people are tied up, perhaps being tortured, but intelligibly in agony. In the second panel, there are three individuals on a boat, seemingly at ease, catching fish.In the tertiary panel, two individuals are tied together, bodies flush against each other, one upside down, the other right side up. It as well as looks as though a bird is pecking at one of the individuals. Some believe that Beckmanns work is obscure, dense, and beyond understanding (Finch), however, that is not true of any work of art. Two out of the three panels show human suffering, which holds the majorit y in the world. Human suffering is experienced by more individuals at more points during their lives than any other feeling. That is the nature of life, the nature of the world.However, peace is also experienced, although not as frequently. For the individuals in the second panel, they seem content with where they are. Everyone experiences contentment in their lives, but for some it occurs so infrequently that those peaceful moments are overshadowed by suffering. This painting could also express Beckmanns move from Frankfurt to Berlin when the Nazis came to power in the 1930s. (Departure) For example, the individuals in the second panel could be traveling. The first and third panels could represent where they came from and where they were going.Beckmann did not want to leave Frankfurt, but he was forced to leave, and Berlin held nothing for him. In both the first and third panels, individuals are shown as suffering. peradventure this is what Beckmann was feeling due to his forced m ove. Expressionism manifests itself in different ways between literary and visual art works. In literary works, feelings are told as well as shown. One can show despair through description of detail and character development. The reader knows somewhat of a characters past, and perhaps how they got to where they are in a story.One does not experience this is visual art. One can only look at a painting and analyze and interpret what happened before and what would happen after, but there is no definite answer. The feeling interpreted from a painting are perhaps those that the viewer has enforce on it, not the feelings that the artist wanted to convey. Everyone has their own vision and opinion with writing, feelings and experiences are laid out clearly, with paintings, feelings and experiences are more the viewers than the artists.Because of these reasons, the literary arts can be more expressionistic than the visual arts. For example, Kafkas The Metamorphosis is more expressionistic t han Beckmanns Departure because Kafkas story is straightforward about the characters feelings, while Beckmanns painting is left too much up to viewer interpretation. Feelings expressed through art, if any, should be those of the artist who created it, not of the patron. Bassie, Ashley. Expressionism. New York Artists Rights Society, 2005. Bloom, Harold. Franz Kafka.Broomall, PA Chelsea House Publishers, 2003. Departure. Online Design Museum. 21 May 2009. http//www. cs. wayne. edu/zhw/csc691/tour1pic1detail. html Expressionism. Abstract Art. 21 May 2009. http//abstractart. 20m. com/expressionism. html Expressionism in Literature. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 1 May 2003. 21 May 2009. http//etext. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-24 Expressionism (literature). Tiscali. 2009. 21 May 2009. http//www. tiscali. co. uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097410.html Finch, Charlie. Deciphering Beckmann. Artnet. 2004. 21 May 2009. http//www. artnet. com/magazi ne/features/finch/finch7-17-03. asp Janouch, Gustav. Kafkas View of The Metamorphosis. The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Sandler, Irving. The Triumph of American Painting A History of Abstract Expressionism. New York Praeger Publishers, Inc. , 1970.

Rationale and Methodology

The biblical account of the battle between David and Goliath is a story which offers inexhaustible life-lessons. For instance, when seen within the stage setting of problem solving, genius can put on the shoes David and say, Goliath is so big, I dont stand a chance, or Goliath is so big, I cant miss. Suffice it to say that these perspectives sufficiently determine whether one ends up as triumphant or looser in life.This paper presents an analysis of the rigors involved in ensuring the continued presence and progressive expansion of BAE Systems in kava, an island in the South Pacific which, by right of analogy, is one humungous Goliath both literally and figuratively. As such, this paper is non so much concerned with providing concrete alternatives as prospective solutions in view of the resembling goal, as this is more an attempt to firstly identify the issues and problems that the company presently faces. It is alike to be expected that the norms governing critical thinking shall be occupied herein in as many instances as possible.Circumscribing Goliath Challenges and Opportunities in kavakava Alexs candid just now straightforward assessment of the conditions in Kava clearly states the look at for a lot of brainstorming. As in the case for most strategic planning, one sits on a problem with thoughtful rumination to determine all contributing causes in order to address them with correct solutions. Simply put, to solve a problem means to first identify it, rejoin it a name, determine its enormity, measure its impact, and even anticipate its damage. In fact, the rules governing scientific investigation (and even correct logic for that matter) also suggest the same thing.Solving problems, it maintains, begins when (one) is confronted with something that appears to need explanation (Copi and Cohen, p. 552). Unless one is willing to take fourth dimension in studying the intricate details of the problem, one is most likely to miss the manoeuver in the process. Besides, most psychologists have storied that most peoples spontaneous and intuitive approaches to problems end up frequently wrong (Halpern, 1996, p. 6). Taking time to map subsequent courses of action truly starts with going into the problem with much thought and dateation.After all, having a well defined or ill-defined problem determines the achiever rate of anyone who tries to get into the bottom of a given crisis (Halpern, 1996, p. 317) The first task in slaying the Kava-Goliath therefore lies in this circumscribe it. On the one hand, one can look at Kava with eyes fixed on the challenges it poses i. e. , one needs to isolate the problems (Sofranac, 2006). First, the problem of geography. Kava is an island and most likely, its being unaffectionate from mainland economies can mean that transporting goods to and from the place will be more costly than doing business in an easily accessible land.Not only would it mean higher budgetary allocation for transport of BAE Systems goods, it can also spell delays and in times of typhoons, tornadoes or volcanic eruption suspension of business all together. Second, the problem of demography and its influence on Kavas economy. It was said that nearly 50% of the islands population are 15 years and below. If one were to translate it in economic transcripts, it would be safe to assume that only 40% of the population, or less, are working to fuel the economy. A portion, say 5-10% of the population must be regarded as incapacitated and/or elderly.Thus, the younger composition of Kavas demography means that its economy more consumptive than productive. This does not yet consider the state of health of the working populace. In an island contained as it were where HIV or Avian flu is reported, the rate of business expansion is most likely to be affected by the workforce either suffering from, or fearing the spread of the diseases thereof. Third, on the viability of return investment for BAE. There is a nee d to consider the temperament of the business the BAE Systems is engaged with, in relation to the needs of the island.These factors properly determine the health of the supply and demand market which BAE needs to handle. It must be noted well that BAE supplies products which are not so much accessible to, or are needed by general public consumers. BAE Systems deliver products which include, but not limited to communication and identification devices, navigation and warfare solutions, warfare systems, fighters and missiles, countermeasure for both military and commercial aircraft, among others (Wikipedia). On the other hand, one may also need to look at Kava with eyes fixed on opportunities i. e. , one needs to also explore alternatives (Sofronac, 2006).While Kava may be an island full of thought-provoking conditions for the company, it is not an utterly hopeless place to conduct business with. One should also consider that its economy is driven by production of Petroleum, a merca ntile and profit generating business to say the least. Surely, this type of business needs to protect itself from threats of terrorism, which the country is not unfamiliar with. Second, one should consider too the cheap but quality cost of labor throughout the island.It is something that the company can capitalize from, in order to create an excellent workforce for the company. One may also explore the cheaper operation costs for the company as the island seems to produce an array of crop-produces for its own consumption. Preliminary Recommendation First things first To be sure, the process of formulating problems does not end up with the identification of forces involved only. There is a need to further classify them. At the very least, one needs to see which problems are urgent and therefore needs immediate attention as against which ones need long term attention due to complexity.The continued presence of BAE in Kava demands that it first focus on squaring with the urgent probl ems at hand the high cost of having to weather geographical and environmental difficulties, the equally costly transport of goods and run (because it is an island), the need to establish cheap but competent workforce, and the tall prospect of having the business survive the supply-demand market. Since in most decision making process, one would chance being confronted with a multitude of goals given a limited number of resources (Betsch and Haberstroh, 2004, p.1), ensuring that these aforementioned priorities are first met will be radical l to the doing of such goal BAE sets. Critical thinking dictates that in a decision making process, maximizing payoffs and minimizing risks is a rule of prime importance (Betsch and Haberstroh, 2004, p. 1). While there are other smaller, but legitimate concerns to address such as logistics, difference in time frame, re-supply issues, among others contemplating seriously on solving the most fundamental concerns pertinent to doing business is an essential ingredient to savoring success.References Betsch, T. and Haberstroh, S, eds. (2004). The Routines of Decision Making. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Copi, I. and Cohen, C. Introduction to Logic (Tenth Edition). Prentice Hall International Editions. Halpern, D. (1996). Thought and fellowship An Introduction to Critical Thinking. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sofronac, R. (2006). Preparing Business Scenario Analyses. University of Phoenix Unpublished Reprinted with permission. www. wikipedia. com. Retrieved 09 June 2008.

Monkey story. Creative Writing Essay

Monkey story is one of the most intriguing stories in the history of China. It involves the famous scalawag and its endeavor to be strong and famous. First, the pixy was born in a stone that was worked in heaven and earth and through the uniqueness he was subject to make himself the king of the monkeys. He is very happy as a king and he thinks that he is immortal. He even embarks on journeys that will tell that he cheats death. Fortunately, on his journey he manages to find a patriarch who is willing to teach him all the magic that he requires to know. After the lessons, he feels that he is stronger than the early(a) students are and starts showing and he is banished as a result (Wu 56).Upon his return home, he finds himself and manages to cancel out a ogre hence freeing the other monkeys. He continues to be mischievous and the emperor of heaven declares war on him. However, he hardens the body very much and it is not possible to punish. Consequently, he is tricked by Buddha t o live under the mountain until somebody comes to save him. The events are paramount in the reputation development of the monkey since the journey reveal the actual character of the monkey (Wu 56).The patriarch appears to be the most important person in development and character molding of the monkey. He shapes the monkey into what he becomes. He teaches the monkey stone magic the fact that makes him very arrogant. The arrogance contributes to the eventual action of the emperor declaring war on him. The magic that patriarch gave the stone monkey helps him to kill the demon and frees the other monkeys hence proving it crucial. Finally, the most significant event in the journey of the monkey is the time he encountered a demon and killed it. The killing of the demon makes it clear that he is strong and he can defend the other monkeys from attack by the demons (Wu 67). The demons are attacking the monkeys and hence the action of the monkey is turn up important in the end.ReferenceWu, Cheng. Monkey. New York Grove Press, Inc., 1958. Print.Source document

Choice Theories and How They Relate To Crime Essay

Choice Theories are a rational choice that act uponors act upon because of the thoughts and feelings they have. It is an immediate instinct to do whats needed for your immediate survival at the time. Also know as a personal conscious choice. Rational state think that the act will clear them more(prenominal) than cause harm to themselves. They do not know if it will cause harm to anyone else some them but honestly they normally do not care. Criminals are a great group of people whom commit these acts. They feel that they are restrained and that their choices are constricted. They use this as a last and sometimes only resort. Criminals are seen as inherently anit-social. This gives the criminals a sense of control, power, and in their minds gives them an alternative career. For example construction at drug dealers.They live their lives selling drugs not because they enjoy doing it and disobeying the law but because they can shape for two hours and they can make more money than I do in two weeks works 40+ hours. They love quick easy money and over look the consequences. The only way to check out this major crime rate and help keep our justice system a little more organized and not so stressful is to make the cost of crime so high that no rational human will commit the crime. All of this does not go for a criminal whom sits go across and thinks of the cost/benefit portion of things. A choice theory to some is simply nothing otherwise than a resort.

Mayan Civilization with citations!

The Mayans were an super advanced Micronesian civilization. They were located near modern day Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico,l on the Yucatan Peninsula. They were delicate in art and architecture. This is limpid by the many pyramids they constructed. 3 This civilization also utilized a great deal of technology. They built magnificent cities with huge stone temples and pyramids. They also developed an advanced musical arrangement of writing, mathematics and astronomy, which they employ to calculate an curate calendar. Another example of how the Mayans were advanced is their agricultural technology. For example, they used the convulse and burn method on their crops in order to clear plots of land and fertilize the soil. 2 Mayans used certain building techniques which is a part of what makes their civilization unique as well as successful. Because on that point were such large supplies of limestone and flint available, plaster and cement was easily produced. This each(prenominal)owed the Mayans to build impressive temples and stepped pyramids.Flat roofs made of cedarwood beams overlaid with mortar were also common in this area, along with murals often displaying apparitional figures in vibrant colors. L Certain cities were particularly famous for this typical capital of Jordan architecture. One of these cities is Diktat. It was the largest city in the empire, home to over 100,000 people. There were eight pyramids built in the city. 2 This civilization also had its own interesting religious beliefs. The Mayans were polytheistic and worshipped hundreds of paragons, each of whom played a different role n the creation of the earth.The faith seems to stupefy been made up of thirteen heavens and nine underworlds ruled by the nine lords of the nights, whose names are not known. Of all of the gods worshipped in this civilization, the sky god was the most important to the Mayans. The god of the sky was also the most frequent to appear in their ancient art, which included sculptures, ceramics, murals and architectural structures. It is evident that many of the structures built by the ancient Mayans were built in honor of the gods.Certain compounds were built with large vindicated areas, from which all the citizens could view religious ceremonies, such as sacrifices that were held on elevated platforms. L The Mayans had an advanced manner of speaking that they used to communicate with each other. Their alphabet was composed of glyphs rather than letters. 2 Not all inscriptions of this textual matter can be deciphered yet. However, analyzing the written language became easier in the 1950 when a Russian ethnologist named Yuri Valedictorian Morrison proposed that the Amman script was at least partly phonetic.His theory was later proved correct, which was a breakthrough for all those studying this ancient civilization. 4 Another impressive feature of the Mayans was their strategic military. The empire was once panora ma to be peaceful, and held military forces solely for defensive purposes. Eventually, population growth increased competition with others, resulting in heightened levels of violence. armed services action became involved in order to gain political control of people, land and resources. Some scholars have suggested that the capture of sacrificial victims was another driving force behind warfare.Mayans also had a decentralized governing body which made it more difficult to defeat, in turn protecting the nation from becoming over-ruled. 6 Overall, the Mayans were an extremely successful civilization. They made many significant discoveries in math and science. They also flourished artistically. After experienced a golden age lasting five centuries (300 to 800 AD), the Mayans suddenly and mysteriously abandoned their cities. The cause could have been from disease, pictorial disaster, deforestation, or even revolt but it is unknown to this day.

Enager Industries Ltd Essay

IntroductionEnager Industries Ltd (Enager) was a relatively young fraternity whom manufactured and produced products/ go within three variablenesss- Consumer Products, industrial Products and Professional serve. Consumer Products, the oldest among the three fragments in Enager, designed, manufactured and marketed a line of housew ar items. Industrial Products built one -of -a- kind car tools to customer specifications. Professional Services, the newest among the three, provided several kinds of engineering services and this division had grown rapidly because of its capability to perform environmental impact studies. Each division was treated as an essentially independent society alone all new project proposals requiring investment in spare of $1,500,000 had to be reviewed by the Chief Financial Officer, enthalpy Hubbard.AnalysisCarl Randall, Enagers president, had transformed the three understandably separate divisions from being treated as profit centers into investment cen ters in 1992 at the urging of Henry Hubbard. The change enabled the three divisions to use ROA (Return on Assets) as a surgery treasure of the success of for each one division. The ROA was defined to be the divisions net income divided by its total assets the division use to generate its profits.The net income for a division was calculated by taking the divisions bespeak income before taxes, subtracting the divisions share of corporate administrative expenses and its share of income tax expenses. On the other hand, the total assets of a division was calculated by taking the divisions assets, including receivables and the assignd corporate-office assets, including the centrally controlled funds account, based on the basis of divisional revenues. In addition, all furbish up assets were recorded at their equaliser sheet values- original cost less accumulated straight line depreciation. Based on these enumeration techniques, the sum of divisional net income and assets were equ al to the corporate net income and assets respectively.Hubbard believed that a family like Enager should control a gain turn back on assets, defined as equal to earnings before saki and taxes divided by assets, of at least 12 pct, given the interest rates the company had had to soften on its debt. He told each division manager thatthe division was to try to earn a double-dyed(a) return of 12 percent and new investment proposals would have to show a return of at least 15 percent in order to be approved. The company had managed to addition its ROA from 5.2 percent to 5.7 percent and its unrefined return from 9.3 percent to 9.5 percent from 1991 to 1992.However, several issues arose with regard to this new method. First, there was a puzzle occurred between Sarah McNeils, the product development manager of Consumer Products Division, and Hubbard while her new proposal demonstrated a return of thirteen percent (calculated in Exhibit 1) at contrasting point of selling prices an d units, however, it was rejected by Hubbard because it did not meet the 15 percent return he had set for all divisions.Another caper that arose within Enager was between the Industrial Products Division, and the president. The problem occurred when the president was unsatisfied with the ROA of Industrial Products Division and tried to get pressure on the general manager of the division. A conflict arose between them when the division manager argued that the division could have achieved a better(p) ROA if they had a lot of old assets as Consumer Products Division did.Further more than, in 1993, ROA push down from 5.7 percent to 5.4 percent and gross return dropped from 9.5 percent to 9.4 percent. However, at the same time, return on gross revenue rose from 5.1 percent to 5.5 percent and return on owners equity also increased from 9.1 percent to 9.2 percent. comparing the performance based on ROA in this year, Professional Services Division exceeded the 12 percent gross return t arget Consumer Products Divisions gross ROA was 10.8 percent the Industrial Products Divisions gross ROA was only 6.9 percent. The president was disappointed and puzzled about the results of ROA in 1993.I recognize that these problems were mainly resulted from uneconomical use of ROA (Return on Assets) as a performance measurement method in Enager. Firstly, the president and the chief pecuniary officer should not set a target gross ROA rate of15 percent for three different divisions that were obviously operating in different industriesConsumer Products Division produced a line of high volume offset cost houseware items Industrial Products Division was a large job shop who built one-of- kind machine tools to customer specifications, and Professional Services mainly provided engineering services. The three divisions had different amount of assets, nature of air and profitability and it is unreasonable to compare them with a fixed target rate of ROA.Second, the executives were mak ing a misunderstanding by using balance sheet values when calculating the fixed assets of each division. This had disadvantaged the divisions that contained more new assets with lesser depreciation values since ROA would be reduced due to a larger denominator resulted from higher(prenominal) values in assets. The president did not understand the comment from the manager of Industrial Products Division about the older a divisions assets would result in a higher ROA. And it was unfair to measure a divisions success based on the age of a divisions assets, and consequently, this would frustrate the manager in a division with a lot of new assets.Third, it was unreasonable to allocate corporations assets and expenses to divisional assets and net income based on revenue generated by the division. For example, if Professional Services Division was earning more than other two divisions, Professional Services return would be reduced by this in hi-fi allocation method while more allocated cor porate expenses would decrease the numerator and more allocated corporate assets would increase the denominator of the ROA calculation, subsequently, the ROA would not fully reflect divisions true performance.Recommendation and ImplementationCurrently, Enager is using ROA as a method of performance evaluation of the three divisions. As previously illustrated, this is an inefficient use of ROA since total divisional assets and net income are influenced by varying components. ROA in its current form does not paint an accurate picture of the overall performance of the company. For example, division contains more assets is obviously disadvantaged since their ROA would be subsided by a larger amount of denominator. In addition,the company could not yield the highest revenues by setting a benchmark ROA rate in which all divisions are encouraged to attain. For example, McNeils proposal was rejected because it did not meet the 15 percent return required by Hubbard. However, McNeils proposa l demonstrates a return of 13 percent, and approbative residual income at any point under the 13 percent Weighted Average with child(p) Cost. Enager had missed the opportunity to increase the earnings per share of the company due to incorrectly setting a target rate for all three divisions.The company could choose an alternative measure of divisional performance such as equilibrize carte du jour. match plug-in is a performance measurement system which measures a divisions activities in terms of its goals and strategies rather than a ratio like ROA. The management could hold in a broad-based view of the performance of a division from both divisional financial and non financial elements. In establishing the Balanced Scorecard, executives must choose a mix of measurements that accurately reflect the important factors that will mark the success of the divisional strategy show the relationships among the individual measures in a cause-and-effect manner and provide a comprehensive view of the current condition of the division. The Balanced Scorecard promotes a balance among different strategic measures in an effort to achieve goal congruence, thus fostering employees to act in the organizations best interest.If Enager were to use Balanced Scorecard, divisions would be able to have the same profit objectives by stress on the same goals of the company but not just focusing on a fixed target return rate. For example, by introducing Balanced Scorecard, this would allow McNeils to carry out her proposal that would benefit the company as a whole but may have a lowering impact on her divisional ROA. Another advantage of Balanced Scorecard, unlike ROA, is that the comprehensive value of the division is reflected in this method. This allows executives of Enager to better compare between divisions operated in different industries since the performance measurement system takes different perspectives such as financial, customer, internal business and innovation of the d ivision into account.After analyzing the two alternatives I recommend that Enager implementBalanced Scorecard method for their division performance measures. I feel that ROA reduces the comparability between divisions, limits expansion for the company and the individual divisions, and consequently it does not provide fair performance measurements for divisions and the company. For example, ROA fell from 5.7 percent to 5.4 percent from 1992 to 1993 but at the same time, return on sales rose from 5.1 percent to 5.5 percent and return on owners equity also increased from 9.1 percent to 9.2 percent. This suggests that ROA does not fully depict the true performance of the company.Balanced Scorecard, on the other hand, is a better method for Enager for assessing divisional performance because it effectively depicts performance from financial and non-financial perspectives. This is a better measurement method for Enager especially its divisions were operating in different industries. Furth ermore, Balanced Scorecard promotes goal congruence because divisions will not only be working to better themselves, but the decisions that are made will benefit the company as a whole.ConclusionEnager Industries Ltd was a relatively young company whom manufactured and produced products/services within three divisions. The company was using ROA method in assessing divisional performance. in that location were a few problems and conflicts arose within the company due to inefficient use of ROA. Switching to Balanced Scorecard will help Enager obtain stronger goal congruency while alleviating some inefficiency in performance measure created by ROA.Robert N. (2007). Management Control Systems. McGraw-Hill New York.American Accounting Association Financial Accounting Standards Committee. (2003, June). Implications of Accounting look for the FASBs Initatives on Disclosure of Information about Intangible Assets. Accounting Horizons, 17, 175-185. Retrieved January 19, 2007 from ABI-Inform .http//0-proquest.umi.com.darius.uleth.ca80/pqdweb?did=356893801&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=12304&RQT=309&VName=PQDUpton, W.S. (2001, April). Business and Financial Reporting Challenges from the New Economy. FASB Financial Accounting Series Special Report nary(prenominal) 219-A. Retrieved September 6, 2006 from